Firewalls can be used to separate networks into different zones
based on the level of trust the user has decided to place on the devices and
traffic within that network. NetworkManager informs firewalld to which
zone an interface belongs. An interface's assigned zone can be changed by
NetworkManager or via the firewall-config tool.
The zone settings in /etc/firewalld/ are a range of preset settings
which can be quickly applied to a network interface. These are the zones
provided by firewalld sorted according to the default trust level of the
zones from untrusted to trusted:
-
drop
Any incoming network packets are dropped, there is no
reply. Only outgoing network connections are possible.
-
block
Any incoming network connections are rejected with an
icmp-host-prohibited message for IPv4 and icmp6-adm-prohibited
for IPv6. Only network connections initiated from within the system are
possible.
-
public
For use in public areas. You do not trust the other
computers on the network to not harm your computer. Only selected incoming
connections are accepted.
-
external
For use on external networks with masquerading enabled
especially for routers. You do not trust the other computers on the network to
not harm your computer. Only selected incoming connections are accepted.
-
dmz
For computers in your demilitarized zone that are
publicly-accessible with limited access to your internal network. Only selected
incoming connections are accepted.
-
work
For use in work areas. You mostly trust the other computers
on networks to not harm your computer. Only selected incoming connections are
accepted.
-
home
For use in home areas. You mostly trust the other computers
on networks to not harm your computer. Only selected incoming connections are
accepted.
-
internal
For use on internal networks. You mostly trust the
other computers on the networks to not harm your computer. Only selected
incoming connections are accepted.
-
trusted
All network connections are accepted.
It is possible to designate one of these zones to be the default zone. When
interface connections are added to NetworkManager, they are assigned
to the default zone. On installation, the default zone in firewalld is set to
be the public zone.
To find out all the settings of a zone, for example the public zone,
enter the following command as root:
# firewall-cmd --zone=public --list-all
Example output of this command might look like the following:
# firewall-cmd --zone=public --list-all
public
interfaces:
services: mdns dhcpv6-client ssh
ports:
forward-ports:
icmp-blocks: source-quench
To view the network zones currently active, enter the following command as root:
# firewall-cmd --get-service
The following listing displays the result of this command
on common Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 system:
# firewall-cmd --get-service
amanda-client bacula bacula-client dhcp dhcpv6 dhcpv6-client dns ftp
high-availability http https imaps ipp ipp-client ipsec kerberos kpasswd
ldap ldaps libvirt libvirt-tls mdns mountd ms-wbt mysql nfs ntp openvpn
pmcd pmproxy pmwebapi pmwebapis pop3s postgresql proxy-dhcp radius rpc-bind
samba samba-client smtp ssh telnet tftp tftp-client transmission-client
vnc-server wbem-https
Finally to view the network zones that will be active after the next firewalld
service reload, enter the following command as root:
# firewall-cmd --get-service --permanent