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XCCDF
Virtual Machine Manager Security Requirements Guide
Virtual Machine Manager Security Requirements Guide
An XCCDF Benchmark
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193 rules organized in 193 groups
SRG-OS-000001
1 Rule
The VMM must provide automated mechanisms for supporting account management functions.
Medium Severity
Enterprise environments make account management challenging and complex. A manual process for account management functions adds the risk of a potential oversight or other error. A comprehensive account management process that includes automation helps to ensure accounts designated as requiring attention are consistently and promptly addressed. Examples include, but are not limited to, using automation to take action on multiple accounts designated as inactive, suspended, or terminated or by disabling accounts located in non-centralized account stores such as multiple servers. This requirement applies to all account types, including individual/user, shared, group, system, guest/anonymous, emergency, developer/manufacturer/vendor, temporary, and service. The automated mechanisms may reside within the VMM itself or may be offered by other infrastructure providing automated account management capabilities. Automated mechanisms may be composed of differing technologies that, when placed together, contain an overall automated mechanism supporting an organization's automated account management requirements. Account management functions include: assignment of group or role membership; identifying account type; specifying user access authorizations (i.e., privileges); account removal, update, or termination; and administrative alerts. The use of automated mechanisms can include, for example: using email or text messaging to automatically notify account managers when users are terminated or transferred; using the VMM to monitor account usage; and using automated telephonic notification to report atypical system account usage.
SRG-OS-000002
1 Rule
The VMM must automatically remove or disable local temporary user accounts after 72 hours.
Medium Severity
If temporary user accounts remain active when no longer needed or for an excessive period, these accounts may be used to gain unauthorized access. To mitigate this risk, automated termination of all temporary accounts must be set upon account creation. Temporary accounts are established as part of normal account activation procedures when there is a need for short-term accounts without the demand for immediacy in account activation. If temporary accounts are used, the VMM must be configured to automatically terminate these types of accounts after a DoD-defined time period of 72 hours. To address access requirements, many VMMs may be integrated with enterprise level authentication/access mechanisms that meet or exceed access control policy requirements.
SRG-OS-000003
1 Rule
The VMM must automatically disable local accounts after a 35-day period of account inactivity.
Medium Severity
Attackers that are able to exploit an inactive account can potentially obtain and maintain undetected access to an application. Owners of inactive accounts will not notice if unauthorized access to their user account has been obtained. VMMs need to track periods of user inactivity and disable accounts after 35 days of inactivity. Such a process greatly reduces the risk that accounts will be hijacked, leading to a data compromise. This policy does not apply to either emergency accounts or infrequently used accounts. Infrequently used accounts are local logon administrator accounts used by the system administrator when network or normal logon/access is not available. Emergency accounts are accounts created in response to crisis situations.
SRG-OS-000004
1 Rule
The VMM must automatically audit account creation.
Medium Severity
Once an attacker establishes initial access to a system, the attacker often attempts to create a persistent method of reestablishing access. One way to accomplish this is for the attacker to create an account. Auditing account creation actions provides logging that can be used for forensic purposes. To address access requirements, many VMMs may be integrated with enterprise-level authentication/access/auditing mechanisms that meet or exceed access control policy requirements.
SRG-OS-000021
1 Rule
The VMM must enforce the limit of three consecutive invalid logon attempts by a user during a 15-minute time period.
Medium Severity
By limiting the number of failed login attempts, the risk of unauthorized VMM access via user password guessing, otherwise known as brute-forcing, is reduced. Limits are imposed by locking the account. This restriction may be relaxed for administrative accounts to avoid potential Denial of Service.
SRG-OS-000023
1 Rule
The VMM must display the Standard Mandatory DoD Notice and Consent Banner before granting access to the system.
Medium Severity
Display of a standardized and approved use notification before granting access to the VMM ensures privacy and security notification verbiage used is consistent with applicable federal laws, Executive Orders, directives, policies, regulations, standards, and guidance. System use notifications are required only for access via logon interfaces with human users and are not required when such human interfaces do not exist. The banner must be formatted in accordance with applicable DoD policy. Use the following verbiage for a VMM that can accommodate banners of 1300 characters: "You are accessing a U.S. Government (USG) VMM (IS) that is provided for USG-authorized use only. By using this IS (which includes any device attached to this IS), you consent to the following conditions: -The USG routinely intercepts and monitors communications on this IS for purposes including, but not limited to, penetration testing, COMSEC monitoring, network operations and defense, personnel misconduct (PM), law enforcement (LE), and counterintelligence (CI) investigations. -At any time, the USG may inspect and seize data stored on this IS. -Communications using, or data stored on, this IS are not private, are subject to routine monitoring, interception, and search, and may be disclosed or used for any USG-authorized purpose. -This IS includes security measures (e.g., authentication and access controls) to protect USG interests--not for your personal benefit or privacy. -Notwithstanding the above, using this IS does not constitute consent to PM, LE or CI investigative searching or monitoring of the content of privileged communications, or work product, related to personal representation or services by attorneys, psychotherapists, or clergy, and their assistants. Such communications and work product are private and confidential. See User Agreement for details." Use the following verbiage for VMMs that have severe limitations on the number of characters that can be displayed in the banner: "I've read & consent to terms in IS user agreem't."
SRG-OS-000024
1 Rule
The VMM must retain the Standard Mandatory DoD Notice and Consent Banner on the screen until users acknowledge the usage conditions and take explicit actions to log on for further access.
Medium Severity
The banner must be acknowledged by the user prior to allowing the user access to the VMM. This provides assurance that the user has seen the message and accepted the conditions for access. If the consent banner is not acknowledged by the user, DoD will not be in compliance with system use notifications required by law. To establish acceptance of the application usage policy, a click-through banner at system logon is required. The system must prevent further activity until the user executes a positive action to manifest agreement by clicking on a box indicating "OK".
SRG-OS-000027
1 Rule
The VMM must limit the number of concurrent sessions to ten for all accounts and/or account types.
Medium Severity
VMM management includes the ability to control the number of users and user sessions that utilize the VMM. Limiting the number of allowed users and sessions per user is helpful in limiting risks related to DoS attacks. This requirement addresses concurrent sessions for VMM accounts and does not address concurrent sessions by single users via multiple VMM accounts. If the concurrent-session limitation of ten is insufficient to support operational requirements, it may be set to a higher value, but it must not be unlimited.
SRG-OS-000028
1 Rule
The VMM must retain the session lock until the user reestablishes access using established identification and authentication procedures.
Medium Severity
A session lock is a temporary action taken when a user stops work and moves away from the immediate physical vicinity of the VMM but does not want to log out because of the temporary nature of the absence. The session lock is implemented at the point where session activity can be determined. Regardless of where the session lock is determined and implemented, once invoked, the session lock shall remain in place until the user re-authenticates. No other activity aside from re-authentication shall unlock the VMM session.
SRG-OS-000029
1 Rule
The VMM must initiate a session lock after a 15-minute period of inactivity.
Medium Severity
A session time-out lock is a temporary action taken when a user stops work and moves away from the immediate physical vicinity of the VMM but does not log out because of the temporary nature of the absence. Rather than relying on the user to manually lock their VMM session prior to vacating the vicinity, VMMs need to be able to identify when a user's session has idled and take action to initiate the session lock. The session lock is implemented at the point where session activity can be determined and/or controlled.
SRG-OS-000030
1 Rule
The VMM must provide the capability for users to directly initiate a session lock.
Medium Severity
A session lock is a temporary action taken when a user stops work and moves away from the immediate physical vicinity of the VMM but does not want to log out because of the temporary nature of the absence. The session lock is implemented at the point where session activity can be determined. Rather than be forced to wait for a period of time to expire before the user session can be locked, VMMs need to provide users with the ability to manually invoke a session lock so users may secure their session should the need arise for them to temporarily vacate the immediate physical vicinity.
SRG-OS-000031
1 Rule
The VMM must conceal, via the session lock, information previously visible on the display with a publicly viewable image.
Medium Severity
A session time-out lock is a temporary action taken when a user stops work and moves away from the immediate physical vicinity of the VMM but does not log out because of the temporary nature of the absence. The session lock is implemented at the point where session activity can be determined. The VMM session lock event must include an obfuscation of the display screen to prevent other users from reading what was previously displayed. Publicly viewable images can include static or dynamic images, for example, patterns used with screen savers, photographic images, solid colors, a clock, or a blank screen, with the additional caveat that none of the images convey sensitive information.
SRG-OS-000032
1 Rule
The VMM must monitor remote access methods automatically.
Medium Severity
Remote access services, such as those providing remote access to network devices and VMMs, which lack automated capabilities, increase risk and make remote user access management difficult at best. Remote access is access to DoD VMMs by an authorized user (or another VMM) communicating through an external, non-organization-controlled network. Remote access methods include, for example, dial-up, broadband, and wireless. Automated monitoring of remote access sessions allows organizations to detect cyber attacks and also ensure ongoing compliance with remote access policies by auditing connection activities of remote access capabilities, such as Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), on a variety of VMM components.
SRG-OS-000033
1 Rule
The VMM must use DoD-approved encryption to protect the confidentiality of remote access sessions.
Medium Severity
Without confidentiality protection mechanisms, unauthorized individuals may gain access to sensitive information via a remote access session. Remote access is access to DoD non-public VMMs by an authorized user (or another VMM) communicating through an external, non-organization-controlled network. Remote access methods include, for example, dial-up, broadband, and wireless. Encryption provides a means to secure the remote connection to prevent unauthorized access to the data traversing the remote access connection (e.g., RDP), thereby providing a degree of confidentiality. The encryption strength of mechanism is selected based on the security categorization of the information.
SRG-OS-000037
1 Rule
The VMM must produce audit records containing information to establish what type of events occurred.
Medium Severity
Without establishing what types of events occurred, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events leading up to an outage or attack. Audit record content that may be necessary to satisfy this requirement includes, for example, time stamps, source and destination addresses, user/process/VM identifiers, event descriptions, success/fail indications, filenames involved, and access control or flow control rules invoked. Associating event types with detected events in the VMM audit logs provides a means of investigating an attack; recognizing resource utilization or capacity thresholds; or identifying an improperly configured VMM.
SRG-OS-000038
1 Rule
The VMM must produce audit records containing information to establish when (date and time) the events occurred.
Medium Severity
Without establishing when events occurred, it is difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events leading up to an outage or attack. In order to compile an accurate risk assessment and provide forensic analysis, it is essential for security personnel to know when events occurred (date and time). Associating event types with detected events in the VMM audit logs provides a means of investigating an attack; recognizing resource utilization or capacity thresholds; or identifying an improperly configured VMM.
SRG-OS-000039
1 Rule
The VMM must produce audit records containing information to establish where the events occurred.
Medium Severity
Without establishing where events occurred, it is difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events leading up to an outage or attack. In order to compile an accurate risk assessment and provide forensic analysis, it is essential for security personnel to know where events occurred, such as VMM components, guest VMs, modules, device identifiers, node names, file names, and functionality. Associating information about where the event occurred within the VMM provides a means of investigating an attack; recognizing resource utilization or capacity thresholds; or identifying an improperly configured VMM.
SRG-OS-000040
1 Rule
The VMM must produce audit records containing information to establish the source of the events.
Medium Severity
Without establishing the source of an event, it is difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events leading up to an outage or attack. In addition to logging where events occur within the VMM, the VMM must also generate audit records that identify sources of events. Sources of VMM events include, but are not limited to, guest VMs, processes and services. In order to compile an accurate risk assessment, and provide forensic analysis, it is essential for security personnel to know the source of the event.
SRG-OS-000041
1 Rule
The VMM must produce audit records containing information to establish the outcome of the events.
Medium Severity
Without information about the outcome of events, security personnel cannot make an accurate assessment as to whether an attack was successful or if changes were made to the security state of the system. Event outcomes can include indicators of event success or failure and event-specific results (e.g., the security state of the VMM after the event occurred). As such, they also provide a means to measure the impact of an event and help authorized personnel to determine the appropriate response.
SRG-OS-000042
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records containing the full-text recording of privileged commands or the individual identities of group account users.
Medium Severity
Reconstruction of harmful events or forensic analysis is not possible if audit records do not contain enough information. Organizations should consider limiting the additional audit information to only that information explicitly needed for specific audit requirements. The additional information required is dependent on the type of information (i.e., sensitivity of the data and the environment within which it resides). At a minimum, the organization must audit either full-text recording of privileged commands or the individual identities of group users, or both. The organization must maintain audit trails in sufficient detail to reconstruct events to determine the cause and impact of compromise. In addition, the VMM must have the capability to include organization-defined additional (more detailed) information in the audit records for audit events.
SRG-OS-000046
1 Rule
The VMM must alert the ISSO and SA (at a minimum) in the event of an audit processing failure.
Medium Severity
It is critical for the appropriate personnel to be aware if a VMM is at risk of failing to process audit logs as required. Without this notification, the security personnel may be unaware of an impending failure of the audit capability, and VMM operation may be adversely affected. Audit processing failures include software/hardware errors, failures in the audit capturing mechanisms, and audit storage capacity being reached or exceeded. This requirement applies to each audit data storage repository (i.e., distinct VMM component where audit records are stored), the centralized audit storage capacity of organizations (i.e., all audit data storage repositories combined), or both.
SRG-OS-000051
1 Rule
The VMM must support the capability to centrally review and analyze audit records from multiple components within the system.
Medium Severity
Successful incident response and auditing relies on timely, accurate system information and analysis in order to allow the organization to identify and respond to potential incidents in a proficient manner. If the VMM does not provide the ability to centrally review the VMM logs, forensic analysis is negatively impacted. Segregation of logging data to multiple disparate computer systems is counterproductive and makes log analysis and log event alarming difficult to implement and manage, particularly when the system has multiple logging components writing to different locations or systems. To support the centralized capability, the VMM must be able to provide the information in a format that can be extracted and used, allowing the application performing the centralization of the log records to meet this requirement.
SRG-OS-000054
1 Rule
The VMM must support the capability to filter audit records for events of interest based upon all audit fields within audit records.
Medium Severity
The ability to specify the event criteria that are of interest provides the individuals reviewing the logs with the ability to quickly isolate and identify these events without having to review entries that are of little or no consequence to the investigation. Without this capability, forensic investigations are impeded. Events of interest can be identified by the content of specific audit record fields, including, for example, identities of individuals, event types, event locations, event times, event dates, system resources involved, IP addresses involved, or information objects accessed. Organizations use all audit event criteria to any degree of granularity required, for example, locations selectable by general networking location (e.g., by network or subnetwork) or selectable by specific VMM component. This requires VMMs to provide the capability to customize audit record reports based on all available criteria.
SRG-OS-000055
1 Rule
The VMM must use internal system clocks to generate time stamps for audit records.
Medium Severity
Without an internal clock used as the reference for the time stored on each event to provide a trusted common reference for the time, forensic analysis would be impeded. Determining the correct time a particular event occurred on a VMM is critical when conducting forensic analysis and investigating system events. If the internal clock is not used, the VMM may not be able to provide time stamps for log messages. Additionally, externally generated time stamps may not be accurate.
SRG-OS-000057
1 Rule
The VMM must protect audit information from unauthorized read access.
Medium Severity
If audit data were to become compromised, then competent forensic analysis and discovery of the true source of potentially malicious system activity is difficult to achieve. To ensure the confidentiality of audit data, the VMM must protect audit information from unauthorized access. This requirement can be achieved through multiple methods which will depend upon system architecture and design. Commonly employed methods for protecting audit information include least privilege permissions as well as restricting the location and number of log file repositories. Audit information includes all information (e.g., audit records, audit settings, audit reports) needed to successfully audit VMM activity.
SRG-OS-000058
1 Rule
The VMM must protect audit information from unauthorized modification.
Medium Severity
If audit data were to become compromised, then forensic analysis and discovery of the true source of potentially malicious system activity is impossible to achieve. To ensure the veracity of audit data, the VMM must protect audit information from unauthorized modification. Audit information includes all information (e.g., audit records, audit settings, audit reports) needed to successfully audit VMM activity.
SRG-OS-000059
1 Rule
The VMM must protect audit information from unauthorized deletion.
Medium Severity
If audit data were to become compromised, then forensic analysis and discovery of the true source of potentially malicious system activity is impossible to achieve. To ensure the veracity of audit data, the VMM must protect audit information from unauthorized deletion. This requirement can be achieved through multiple methods, which will depend upon system architecture and design. Audit information includes all information (e.g., audit records, audit settings, audit reports) needed to successfully audit VMM activity.
SRG-OS-000062
1 Rule
The VMM must provide audit record generation capability for DoD-defined auditable events for all VMM components.
Medium Severity
Without the capability to generate audit records, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter). The list of audited events is the set of events for which audits are to be generated. This set of events is typically a subset of the list of all events for which the system is capable of generating audit records. DoD has defined the list of events for which the VMM will provide an audit record generation capability as the following: (i) Successful and unsuccessful attempts to access, modify, or delete privileges, security objects, security levels, or categories of information (e.g., classification levels); (ii) Access actions, such as successful and unsuccessful logon attempts, privileged activities or other system level access, starting and ending time for user access to the system, concurrent logons from different workstations, successful and unsuccessful accesses to objects, all program initiations, and all direct access to the VMM; (iii) All account creations, modifications, disabling, and terminations; and (iv) All kernel module load, unload, and restart actions.
SRG-OS-000063
1 Rule
The VMM must allow only the ISSM (or individuals or roles appointed by the ISSM) to select which auditable events are to be audited.
Medium Severity
Without the capability to restrict which roles and individuals can select which events are audited, unauthorized personnel may be able to prevent the auditing of critical events. Misconfigured audits may degrade the VMM's performance by overwhelming the audit log. Misconfigured audits may also make it more difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
SRG-OS-000064
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records when successful/unsuccessful attempts to access privileges occur.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident, or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., guest VM, module, or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000066
1 Rule
The VMM, for PKI-based authentication, must validate certificates by constructing a certification path (which includes status information) to an accepted trust anchor.
Medium Severity
Without path validation, an informed trust decision by the relying party cannot be made when presented with any certificate not already explicitly trusted. A trust anchor is an authoritative entity represented via a public key and associated data. It is used in the context of public key infrastructures, X.509 digital certificates, and DNSSEC. When there is a chain of trust, usually the top entity to be trusted becomes the trust anchor; it can be, for example, a Certification Authority (CA). A certification path starts with the subject certificate and proceeds through a number of intermediate certificates up to a trusted root certificate, typically issued by a trusted CA. This requirement verifies that a certification path to an accepted trust anchor is used for certificate validation and that the path includes status information. Path validation is necessary for a relying party to make an informed trust decision when presented with any certificate not already explicitly trusted. Status information for certification paths includes certificate revocation lists or online certificate status protocol responses. Validation of the certificate status information is out of scope for this requirement.
SRG-OS-000067
1 Rule
The VMM, for PKI-based authentication, must enforce authorized access to the corresponding private key.
Medium Severity
If the private key is discovered, an attacker can use the key to authenticate as an authorized user and gain access to the network infrastructure. The cornerstone of the PKI is the private key used to encrypt or digitally sign information. If the private key is stolen, this will lead to the compromise of the authentication and non-repudiation gained through PKI because the attacker can use the private key to digitally sign documents and pretend to be the authorized user. Both the holders of a digital certificate and the issuing authority must protect the computers, storage devices, or whatever they use to keep the private keys.
SRG-OS-000068
1 Rule
The VMM must map the authenticated identity to the user or group account for PKI-based authentication.
Medium Severity
Without mapping the certificate used to authenticate to the user account, the ability to determine the identity of the individual user or group will not be available for forensic analysis.
SRG-OS-000069
1 Rule
The VMM must enforce password complexity by requiring that at least one uppercase character be used.
Medium Severity
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks. Password complexity is one factor of several that determine how long it takes to crack a password. The more complex the password, the greater the number of possible combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised.
SRG-OS-000070
1 Rule
The VMM must enforce password complexity by requiring that at least one lowercase character be used.
Medium Severity
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks. Password complexity is one factor of several that determine how long it takes to crack a password. The more complex the password, the greater the number of possible combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised.
SRG-OS-000071
1 Rule
The VMM must enforce password complexity by requiring that at least one numeric character be used.
Medium Severity
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks. Password complexity is one factor of several that determine how long it takes to crack a password. The more complex the password, the greater the number of possible combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised.
SRG-OS-000072
1 Rule
The VMM must require the change of at least eight of the total number of characters when passwords are changed.
Medium Severity
If the VMM allows the user to consecutively reuse extensive portions of passwords, this increases the chances of password compromise by increasing the window of opportunity for attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks. The number of changed characters refers to the number of changes required with respect to the total number of positions in the current password. In other words, characters may be the same within the two passwords; however, the positions of the like characters must be different.
SRG-OS-000073
1 Rule
The VMM must store only encrypted representations of passwords.
Medium Severity
Passwords need to be protected at all times, and encryption is the standard method for protecting passwords. If passwords are not encrypted, they can be plainly read (i.e., clear text) and easily compromised.
SRG-OS-000074
1 Rule
The VMM must transmit only encrypted representations of passwords.
Medium Severity
Passwords need to be protected at all times, and encryption is the standard method for protecting passwords. If passwords are not encrypted, they can be plainly read (i.e., clear text) and easily compromised.
SRG-OS-000075
1 Rule
The VMM must enforce 24 hours/one day as the minimum password lifetime.
Medium Severity
Enforcing a minimum password lifetime helps to prevent repeated password changes to defeat the password reuse or history enforcement requirement. If users are allowed to immediately and continually change their password, then the password could be repeatedly changed in a short period of time to defeat the organization's policy regarding password reuse.
SRG-OS-000076
1 Rule
The VMM must enforce a 60-day maximum password lifetime restriction.
Medium Severity
Any password, no matter how complex, can eventually be cracked. Therefore, passwords need to be changed periodically. If the VMM does not limit the lifetime of passwords and force users to change their passwords, there is the risk that the VMM passwords could be compromised.
SRG-OS-000078
1 Rule
The VMM must enforce a minimum 15-character password length.
Medium Severity
The shorter the password, the lower the number of possible combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks. Password length is one factor of several that helps to determine strength and how long it takes to crack a password. Use of more characters in a password helps to exponentially increase the time and/or resources required to compromise the password.
SRG-OS-000079
1 Rule
The VMM must obscure feedback of authentication information during the authentication process to protect the information from possible exploitation/use by unauthorized individuals.
Medium Severity
To prevent the compromise of authentication information, such as passwords during the authentication process, the feedback from the VMM shall not provide any information allowing an unauthorized user to compromise the authentication mechanism. Obfuscation of user-provided information that is typed into the system is a method used when addressing this risk. For example, displaying asterisks when a user types in a password is an example of obscuring feedback of authentication information.
SRG-OS-000080
1 Rule
The VMM must enforce approved authorizations for logical access to information and system resources in accordance with applicable access control policies.
Medium Severity
To mitigate the risk of unauthorized access to sensitive information by entities that have been issued certificates by DoD-approved PKIs, all DoD systems (e.g., networks, web servers, and web portals) must be properly configured to incorporate access control methods that do not rely solely on the possession of a certificate for access. Successful authentication must not automatically give an entity access to an asset or security boundary. Authorization procedures and controls must be implemented to ensure each authenticated entity also has a validated and current authorization. Authorization is the process of determining whether an entity, once authenticated, is permitted to access a specific asset. VMMs use access control policies and enforcement mechanisms to implement this requirement. Access control policies include identity-based policies, role-based policies, and attribute-based policies. Access enforcement mechanisms include access control lists, access control matrices, and cryptography. These policies and mechanisms must be employed by the application to control access between users (or processes acting on behalf of users) and objects (e.g., devices, files, records, processes, programs, and domains) in the VMM.
SRG-OS-000095
1 Rule
The VMM must be configured to disable non-essential capabilities.
Medium Severity
It is detrimental for VMMs to provide, or install by default, functionality exceeding requirements or mission objectives. These unnecessary capabilities or services are often overlooked and therefore may remain unsecured. They increase the risk to the platform by providing additional attack vectors. VMMs are capable of providing a wide variety of functions and services. Some of the functions and services, provided by default, may not be necessary to support essential organizational operations (e.g., key missions, functions).
SRG-OS-000096
1 Rule
The VMM must be configured to prohibit or restrict the use of functions, ports, protocols, and/or services, as defined in the PPSM CAL and vulnerability assessments.
Medium Severity
In order to prevent unauthorized connection of devices, unauthorized transfer of information, or unauthorized tunneling (i.e., embedding of data types within data types), organizations must disable or restrict unused or unnecessary physical and logical ports/protocols on VMMs. VMMs are capable of providing a wide variety of functions and services. Some of the functions and services provided by default may not be necessary to support essential organizational operations. Additionally, it is sometimes convenient to provide multiple services from a single component (e.g., VPN and IPS); however, doing so increases risk over limiting the services provided by any one component. To support the requirements and principles of least functionality, the VMM must support the organizational requirements providing only essential capabilities and limiting the use of ports, protocols, and/or services to only those required, authorized, and approved to conduct official business or to address authorized quality of life issues.
SRG-OS-000104
1 Rule
The VMM must uniquely identify and must authenticate organizational users (or processes acting on behalf of organizational users).
Medium Severity
To assure accountability and prevent unauthenticated access, organizational users must be identified and authenticated to prevent potential misuse and compromise of the system. Organizational users include organizational employees or individuals the organization deems to have the equivalent status of employees (e.g., contractors). Organizational users (and processes acting on behalf of users) must be uniquely identified and authenticated for all accesses, except for the following: (i) Accesses explicitly identified and documented by the organization. Organizations document specific user actions that can be performed on the VMM without identification or authentication; and (ii) Accesses that occur through authorized use of group authenticators without individual authentication. Organizations may require unique identification of individuals in group accounts (e.g., shared privilege accounts) or for detailed accountability of individual activity.
SRG-OS-000105
1 Rule
The VMM must use multifactor authentication for network access to privileged accounts.
Medium Severity
Without the use of multifactor authentication, the ease of access to privileged functions is greatly increased. Multifactor authentication requires using two or more factors to achieve authentication. Factors include: (i) something a user knows (e.g., password/PIN); (ii) something a user has (e.g., cryptographic identification device, token); or (iii) something a user is (e.g., biometric). A privileged account is defined as a VMM account with authorizations of a privileged user. Network access is defined as access to a VMM by a user (or a process acting on behalf of a user) communicating through a network (e.g., local area network, wide area network, or the Internet). The DoD CAC with DoD-approved PKI is an example of multifactor authentication.
SRG-OS-000106
1 Rule
The VMM must use multifactor authentication for network access to non-privileged accounts.
Medium Severity
To assure accountability and prevent unauthenticated access, non-privileged users must utilize multifactor authentication to prevent potential misuse and compromise of the system. Multifactor authentication uses two or more factors to achieve authentication. Factors include: (i) Something you know (e.g., password/PIN); (ii) Something you have (e.g., cryptographic identification device, token); or (iii) Something you are (e.g., biometric). A non-privileged account is any VMM account with authorizations of a non-privileged user. Network access is any access to an application by a user (or process acting on behalf of a user) where said access is obtained through a network connection. The DoD CAC with DoD-approved PKI is an example of multifactor authentication.
SRG-OS-000107
1 Rule
The VMM must use multifactor authentication for local access to privileged accounts.
Medium Severity
To assure accountability and prevent unauthenticated access, privileged users must utilize multifactor authentication to prevent potential misuse and compromise of the system. Multifactor authentication is defined as using two or more factors to achieve authentication. Factors include: (i) Something you know (e.g., password/PIN); (ii) Something you have (e.g., cryptographic identification device, token); or (iii) Something you are (e.g., biometric). A privileged account is defined as a VMM account with authorizations of a privileged user. Local access is defined as access to an organizational VMM by a user (or process acting on behalf of a user) communicating through a direct connection without the use of a network. The DOD CAC with DOD-approved PKI is an example of multifactor authentication.
SRG-OS-000108
1 Rule
The VMM must use multifactor authentication for local access to nonprivileged accounts.
Medium Severity
To assure accountability, prevent unauthenticated access, and prevent misuse of the system, privileged users must utilize multifactor authentication for local access. Multifactor authentication is defined as using two or more factors to achieve authentication. Factors include: (i) Something you know (e.g., password/PIN); (ii) Something you have (e.g., cryptographic identification device or token); or (iii) Something you are (e.g., biometric). A nonprivileged account is defined as a VMM account with authorizations of a regular or nonprivileged user. Local access is defined as access to an organizational VMM by a user (or process acting on behalf of a user) communicating through a direct connection without the use of a network. The DOD CAC with DOD-approved PKI is an example of multifactor authentication.
SRG-OS-000109
1 Rule
The VMM must require individuals to be authenticated with an individual authenticator prior to using a group authenticator.
Medium Severity
To assure individual accountability and prevent unauthorized access, organizational users shall be individually identified and authenticated. A group authenticator is a generic account used by multiple individuals. Use of a group authenticator alone does not uniquely identify individual users. Examples of the group authenticator is the UNIX OS "Root" user account, the Windows "Administrator" account, the "sa" account, or a "helpdesk" account. For example, the UNIX and Windows VMMs offer a "switch user" capability allowing users to authenticate with their individual credentials and, when needed, "switch" to the administrator role. This method provides for unique individual authentication prior to using a group authenticator. Users (and any processes acting on behalf of users) need to be uniquely identified and authenticated for all accesses other than those accesses explicitly identified and documented by the organization which outlines specific user actions that can be performed on the VMM without identification or authentication. Requiring individuals to be authenticated with an individual authenticator prior to using a group authenticator allows for traceability of actions, as well as adding an additional level of protection of the actions that can be taken with group account knowledge.
SRG-OS-000112
1 Rule
The VMM must implement replay-resistant authentication mechanisms for network access to privileged accounts.
Medium Severity
A replay attack may enable an unauthorized user to gain access to the VMM. Authentication sessions between the authenticator and the VMM validating the user credentials must not be vulnerable to a replay attack. An authentication process resists replay attacks if it is impractical to achieve a successful authentication by recording and replaying a previous authentication message. A privileged account is any VMM account with authorizations of a privileged user. Techniques used to address this include protocols using nonces (e.g., numbers generated for a specific one-time use) or challenges (e.g., TLS, WS_Security). Additional techniques include time-synchronous or challenge-response one-time authenticators.
SRG-OS-000113
1 Rule
The VMM must implement replay-resistant authentication mechanisms for network access to nonprivileged accounts.
Medium Severity
A replay attack may enable an unauthorized user to gain access to the VMM. Authentication sessions between the authenticator and the VMM validating the user credentials must not be vulnerable to a replay attack. An authentication process resists replay attacks if it is impractical to achieve a successful authentication by recording and replaying a previous authentication message. A nonprivileged account is any VMM account with authorizations of a non-privileged user. Techniques used to address this include protocols using nonces (e.g., numbers generated for a specific one-time use) or challenges (e.g., TLS, WS_Security). Additional techniques include time-synchronous or challenge-response one-time authenticators.
SRG-OS-000114
1 Rule
The VMM must uniquely identify peripherals before establishing a connection.
Medium Severity
Without identifying devices, unidentified or unknown devices may be introduced, thereby facilitating malicious activity. Peripherals include, but are not limited to, such devices as flash drives, external storage, and printers, whether physical or virtual.
SRG-OS-000118
1 Rule
The VMM must disable local account identifiers (individuals, groups, roles, and devices) after 35 days of inactivity.
Medium Severity
Inactive identifiers pose a risk to systems and applications because attackers may exploit an inactive identifier and potentially obtain undetected access to the system. Owners of inactive accounts will not notice if unauthorized access to their user account has been obtained. VMMs need to track periods of inactivity and disable local account identifiers after 35 days of inactivity.
SRG-OS-000120
1 Rule
The VMM must use mechanisms meeting the requirements of applicable federal laws, Executive Orders, directives, policies, regulations, standards, and guidance for authentication to a cryptographic module.
Medium Severity
Unapproved mechanisms that are used for authentication to the cryptographic module are not verified and therefore cannot be relied upon to provide confidentiality or integrity, and DoD data may be compromised. VMMs utilizing encryption are required to use FIPS-compliant mechanisms for authenticating to cryptographic modules. FIPS 140-2 is the current standard for validating that mechanisms used to access cryptographic modules utilize authentication that meets DoD requirements.
SRG-OS-000122
1 Rule
The VMM must support an audit reduction capability that supports on-demand reporting requirements.
Medium Severity
The ability to generate on-demand reports, including after the audit data has been subjected to audit reduction, greatly facilitates the organization's ability to generate incident reports as needed to better handle larger-scale or more complex security incidents. Audit reduction is a process that manipulates collected audit information and organizes such information in a summary format that is more meaningful to analysts. The report generation capability provided by the application must support on-demand (i.e., customizable, ad-hoc, and as-needed) reports.
SRG-OS-000123
1 Rule
The VMM must automatically remove or disable emergency accounts after the crisis is resolved or 72 hours.
Medium Severity
Emergency accounts are privileged accounts that are established in response to crisis situations where the need for rapid account activation is required. Therefore, emergency account activation may bypass normal account authorization processes. If these accounts are automatically disabled, system maintenance during emergencies may not be possible, thus adversely affecting system availability. Emergency accounts are different from infrequently used accounts (i.e., local logon accounts used by the organization's system administrators when network or normal logon/access is not available). Infrequently used accounts are not subject to automatic termination dates. Emergency accounts are accounts created in response to crisis situations, usually for use by maintenance personnel. The automatic expiration or disabling time period may be extended as needed until the crisis is resolved; however, it must not be extended indefinitely. A permanent account should be established for privileged users who need long-term maintenance accounts. To address access requirements, many VMMs can be integrated with enterprise-level authentication/access mechanisms that meet or exceed access control policy requirements.
SRG-OS-000125
1 Rule
The VMM must employ strong authenticators in the establishment of nonlocal maintenance and diagnostic sessions.
Medium Severity
If maintenance tools are used by unauthorized personnel, they may accidentally or intentionally damage or compromise the system. The act of managing systems and applications includes the ability to access sensitive VMM information, such as system configuration details, diagnostic information, user information, and potentially sensitive application data. Some maintenance and test tools are either standalone devices with their own VMMs or are applications bundled with a VMM. Nonlocal maintenance and diagnostic activities are those activities conducted by individuals communicating through a network, either an external network (e.g., the Internet) or an internal network. Local maintenance and diagnostic activities are those activities carried out by individuals physically present at the VMM or VMM component and not communicating across a network connection. Typically, strong authentication requires authenticators that are resistant to replay attacks and employ multifactor authentication. Strong authenticators include, for example, PKI where certificates are stored on a token protected by a password, passphrase, or biometric.
SRG-OS-000132
1 Rule
The VMM must separate user functionality (including user interface services) from VMM management functionality.
Medium Severity
VMM management functionality includes functions necessary for administration and requires privileged user access. Allowing non-privileged users to access VMM management functionality capabilities increases the risk that non-privileged users may obtain elevated privileges. VMM management functionality includes functions necessary to administer console, network components, workstations, or servers, and typically requires privileged user access. The separation of user functionality from VMM management functionality is either physical or logical and is accomplished by using different guest VMs, different computers, different central processing units, different instances of the VMM, different network addresses, different TCP/UDP ports, other virtualization techniques, combinations of these methods, or other methods, as appropriate.
SRG-OS-000134
1 Rule
The VMM must isolate security functions from non-security functions.
Medium Severity
An isolation boundary provides access control and protects the integrity of the hardware, software, and firmware that perform security functions. Security functions are the hardware, software, and/or firmware of the VMM responsible for enforcing the system security policy and supporting the isolation of code and data on which the protection is based. VMMs implement code separation (i.e., separation of security functions from non-security functions) in a number of ways, including through the provision of security kernels via processor rings or processor modes. For non-kernel code, security function isolation is often achieved through file system protections that serve to protect the code on disk and address space protections that protect executing code. Developers and implementers can increase the assurance in security functions by employing well-defined security policy models; structured, disciplined, and rigorous hardware and software development techniques; and sound system/security engineering principles. Implementation may include isolation of guest VMs, memory space, and libraries. VMMs restrict access to security functions through the use of access control mechanisms and by implementing least privilege capabilities.
SRG-OS-000138
1 Rule
The VMM must prevent unauthorized and unintended information transfer via shared system resources.
Medium Severity
Preventing unauthorized information transfers mitigates the risk of information, including encrypted representations of information, produced by the actions of prior users/roles (or the actions of processes acting on behalf of prior users/roles) from being available to any current users/roles (or current processes) that obtain access to shared system resources (e.g., registers, main memory, hard disks) after those resources have been released back to the VMM. The control of information in shared resources is also commonly referred to as object reuse and residual information protection. This requirement generally applies to the design of an information technology product, but it can also apply to the configuration of particular VMM components that are, or use, such products. This can be verified by acceptance/validation processes in DoD or other government agencies. There may be shared resources with configurable protections (e.g., files in storage) that may be assessed on specific VMM components.
SRG-OS-000142
1 Rule
The VMM must manage excess capacity, bandwidth, or other redundancy to limit the effects of information-flooding types of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks.
Medium Severity
DoS is a condition when a resource is not available for legitimate users. When this occurs, the organization either cannot accomplish its mission or must operate at degraded capacity. Managing excess capacity ensures that sufficient capacity is available to counter flooding attacks. Employing increased capacity and service redundancy may reduce the susceptibility to some DoS attacks. Managing excess capacity may include, for example, establishing selected usage priorities, quotas, or partitioning.
SRG-OS-000163
1 Rule
The VMM must terminate all network connections associated with a communications session at the end of the session, or as follows: for in-band management sessions (privileged sessions), the session must be terminated after 10 minutes of inactivity; and for user sessions (non-privileged session), the session must be terminated after 15 minutes of inactivity, except to fulfill documented and validated mission requirements.
Medium Severity
Terminating an idle session within a short time period reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized personnel to take control of a management session enabled on the console or console port that has been left unattended. In addition, quickly terminating an idle session will also free up resources committed by the VMM. Terminating network connections associated with communications sessions includes, for example, de-allocating associated TCP/IP address/port pairs at the VMM level, and de-allocating networking assignments at the application level if multiple application sessions are using a single, VMM-level network connection. This does not mean that the VMM terminates all sessions or network access; it only ends the inactive session and releases the resources associated with that session.
SRG-OS-000184
1 Rule
The VMM must fail to a secure state if system initialization fails, shutdown fails, or aborts fail.
Medium Severity
Failure to a known safe state helps prevent systems from failing to a state that may cause loss of data or unauthorized access to system resources. VMMs that fail suddenly and with no incorporated failure state planning may leave the system available but with a reduced security protection capability. Preserving VMM state information also facilitates system restart and return to the operational mode of the organization with less disruption to mission-essential processes. Abort refers to stopping a program or function before it has finished naturally. The term abort refers to both requested and unexpected terminations.
SRG-OS-000185
1 Rule
The VMM must protect the confidentiality and integrity of all information at rest.
Medium Severity
Information at rest refers to the state of information when it is located on a secondary storage device (e.g., disk drive and tape drive, when used for backups) within a VMM. This requirement addresses protection of user-generated data, as well as VMM-specific configuration data. Organizations may choose to employ different mechanisms to achieve confidentiality and integrity protections, as appropriate, in accordance with the security category and/or classification of the information.
SRG-OS-000203
1 Rule
The VMM must check the validity of all data inputs except those specifically identified by the organization.
Medium Severity
Invalid user input occurs when a user inserts data or characters into data entry fields and the VMM is unprepared to process that data. This results in unanticipated VMM behavior, potentially leading to a compromise. Invalid input is one of the primary methods employed when attempting to compromise a VMM. Checking the valid syntax and semantics of VMM inputs (e.g., character set, length, numerical range, and acceptable values) verifies that inputs match specified definitions for format and content. Software typically follows well-defined protocols that use structured messages (i.e., commands or queries) to communicate among guest VMs, software modules, or system components. Structured messages can contain raw or unstructured data interspersed with metadata or control information. If the VMM uses attacker-supplied inputs to construct structured messages without properly encoding such messages, then the attacker could insert malicious commands or special characters that can cause the data to be interpreted as control information or metadata. Consequently, the guest VM, module, or component that receives the tainted output will perform the wrong operations or otherwise interpret the data incorrectly. Pre-screening inputs prior to passing to interpreters prevents the content from being unintentionally interpreted as commands. Input validation helps to ensure accurate and correct inputs and prevent attacks.
SRG-OS-000205
1 Rule
The VMM must generate error messages that provide information necessary for corrective actions without revealing information that could be exploited by adversaries.
Medium Severity
Any VMM providing too much information in error messages risks compromising the data and security of the structure, and content of error messages needs to be carefully considered by the organization. Organizations carefully consider the structure/content of error messages. The extent to which VMMs are able to identify and handle error conditions is guided by organizational policy and operational requirements. Information that could be exploited by adversaries includes, for example, erroneous logon attempts with passwords entered by mistake as the username, mission/business information that can be derived from (if not stated explicitly by) information recorded, and personal information, such as account numbers, social security numbers, and credit card numbers.
SRG-OS-000206
1 Rule
The VMM must reveal system error messages only to authorized users.
Medium Severity
Only authorized personnel should be aware of errors and the details of the errors. Error messages are an indicator of an organization's operational state or can identify the VMM or platform. Additionally, Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and operational information must not be revealed through error messages to unauthorized personnel or their designated representatives. The structure and content of error messages must be carefully considered by the organization and development team. The extent to which the VMM is able to identify and handle error conditions is guided by organizational policy and operational requirements.
SRG-OS-000221
1 Rule
All interactions among guest VMs must be mediated by the VMM or its service VMs to support proper function.
Medium Severity
Mechanisms to detect and prevent unauthorized communication flow must be configured or provided as part of the VMM design. If information flow control is not enforced based on proper functioning of the VMM and its service, helper, and guest VMs, the VMM may become compromised. Information flow control regulates where information is allowed to travel within a VMM. The flow of all system information must be monitored and controlled so it does not introduce any unacceptable risk to the VMM, its guest VMs, or data.
SRG-OS-000239
1 Rule
The VMM must automatically audit account modification.
Medium Severity
Once an attacker establishes access to a system, the attacker often attempts to create a persistent method of reestablishing access. One way to accomplish this is for the attacker to modify an existing account. Auditing account modification actions provides logging that can be used for forensic purposes. To address access requirements, many VMMs can be integrated with enterprise-level authentication/access/auditing mechanisms that meet or exceed access control policy requirements.
SRG-OS-000240
1 Rule
The VMM must automatically audit account disabling actions.
Medium Severity
When VMM accounts are disabled, user accessibility is affected. Once an attacker establishes access to a system, the attacker often attempts to disable authorized accounts to disrupt services or prevent the implementation of countermeasures. Auditing account disabling actions provides logging that can be used for forensic purposes. To address access requirements, many VMMs can be integrated with enterprise-level authentication/access/auditing mechanisms that meet or exceed access control policy requirements.
SRG-OS-000241
1 Rule
The VMM must automatically audit account removal actions.
Medium Severity
When VMM accounts are removed, user accessibility is affected. Once an attacker establishes access to a system, the attacker often attempts to disable authorized accounts to disrupt services or prevent the implementation of countermeasures. Auditing account removal actions provides logging that can be used for forensic purposes. To address access requirements, many VMMs can be integrated with enterprise-level authentication/access/auditing mechanisms that meet or exceed access control policy requirements.
SRG-OS-000242
1 Rule
All guest VM network communications must be implemented through use of virtual network devices provisioned by the VMM.
Medium Severity
Mechanisms to detect and prevent unauthorized communication flow must be configured or provided as part of the VMM design. If information flow control is not enforced based on proper functioning of the VMM and its service, helper, and guest VMs, the VMM may become compromised. Information flow control regulates where information is allowed to travel between a VMM (and its guest VMs) and external systems. In some cases, the VMM may delegate interface device management to a service VM, but the VMM still maintains control of all information flows. The flow of all system information must be monitored and controlled so it does not introduce any unacceptable risk to the VMM, its guest VMs, or data.
SRG-OS-000242
1 Rule
All interactions between guest VMs and external systems, via other interface devices, must be mediated by the VMM or its service VMs.
Medium Severity
Mechanisms to detect and prevent unauthorized communication flow must be configured or provided as part of the VMM design. If information flow control is not enforced based on proper functioning of the VMM and its service and helper VMs, the VMM may become compromised. Information flow control regulates where information is allowed to travel between a VMM (and its guest VMs) and external systems. In some cases, the VMM may delegate interface device management to a service VM, but the VMM still maintains control of all information flows. The flow of all system information must be monitored and controlled so it does not introduce any unacceptable risk to the VMM, its guest VMs, or data.
SRG-OS-000250
1 Rule
The VMM must implement cryptography to protect the integrity of remote access sessions.
Medium Severity
Without cryptographic integrity protections, information can be altered by unauthorized users without detection. Remote access (e.g., RDP) is access to DoD nonpublic VMMs by an authorized user (or another VMM) communicating through an external, non-organization-controlled network. Remote access methods include, for example, dial-up, broadband, and wireless. Cryptographic mechanisms used for protecting the integrity of information include, for example, signed hash functions using asymmetric cryptography enabling distribution of the public key to verify the hash information while maintaining the confidentiality of the secret key used to generate the hash.
SRG-OS-000254
1 Rule
The VMM must initiate session audits at system startup.
Medium Severity
If auditing is enabled late in the startup process, the actions of some start-up processes may not be audited. Some audit systems also maintain state information only available if auditing is enabled before a given process is created.
SRG-OS-000255
1 Rule
The VMM must produce audit records containing information to establish the identity of any individual or process associated with the event.
Medium Severity
Without information that establishes the identity of the subjects (i.e., users or processes acting on behalf of users) associated with the events, security personnel cannot determine responsibility for the potentially harmful event.
SRG-OS-000256
1 Rule
The VMM must protect audit tools from unauthorized access.
Medium Severity
Protecting audit data also includes identifying and protecting the tools used to view and manipulate log data. Therefore, protecting audit tools is necessary to prevent unauthorized operation on audit data. VMMs providing tools to interface with audit data will leverage roles identifying the user accessing the tools and permissions identifying the corresponding rights the user enjoys in order to make access decisions regarding the access to audit tools. Audit tools include, but are not limited to, vendor-provided and open source audit tools needed to successfully view and manipulate audit VMM activity and records. Audit tools include custom queries and report generators.
SRG-OS-000257
1 Rule
The VMM must protect audit tools from unauthorized modification.
Medium Severity
Protecting audit data also includes identifying and protecting the tools used to view and manipulate log data. Therefore, protecting audit tools is necessary to prevent unauthorized operation on audit data. VMMs providing tools to interface with audit data will leverage roles identifying the user accessing the tools and permissions identifying the corresponding rights the user is assigned in order to make access decisions regarding the access to audit tools. Audit tools include, but are not limited to, vendor-provided and open source audit tools needed to successfully view and manipulate audit VMM activity and records. Audit tools include custom queries and report generators.
SRG-OS-000258
1 Rule
The VMM must protect audit tools from unauthorized deletion.
Medium Severity
Protecting audit data also includes identifying and protecting the tools used to view and manipulate log data. Therefore, protecting audit tools is necessary to prevent unauthorized operation on audit data. VMMs providing tools to interface with audit data will leverage roles identifying the user accessing the tools and permissions identifying the corresponding rights the user is assigned in order to make access decisions regarding the access to audit tools. Audit tools include, but are not limited to, vendor-provided and open source audit tools needed to successfully view and manipulate audit VMM activity and records. Audit tools include custom queries and report generators.
SRG-OS-000259
1 Rule
The VMM must limit privileges to change software resident within software libraries.
Medium Severity
If the VMM were to allow any user to make changes to software libraries, then those changes might be implemented without undergoing the appropriate testing and approvals that are part of a robust change management process. This requirement applies to VMMs with software libraries that are accessible and configurable, as in the case of interpreted languages. Software libraries also include privileged programs which execute with escalated privileges. Only qualified and authorized individuals shall be allowed to obtain access to VMM components for the purpose of initiating changes, including upgrades and modifications.
SRG-OS-000266
1 Rule
The VMM must enforce password complexity by requiring that at least one special character be used.
Medium Severity
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity or strength is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks. Password complexity is one factor in determining how long it takes to crack a password. The more complex the password, the greater the number of possible combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised. Special characters are those characters that are not alphanumeric. Examples include: ~ ! @ # $ % ^ *.
SRG-OS-000269
1 Rule
In the event of a system failure, the VMM must preserve any information necessary to determine cause of failure and any information necessary to return to operations with least disruption to mission processes.
Medium Severity
Failure to a known state can address safety or security in accordance with the mission/business needs of the organization. Failure to a known secure state helps prevent a loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability in the event of a failure of the VMM or a component of the system. Preserving VMM state information helps to facilitate VMM restart and return to the operational mode of the organization with less disruption of mission/business processes.
SRG-OS-000274
1 Rule
The VMM must notify system administrators (SAs) and information system security officers (ISSOs) when accounts are created.
Medium Severity
Once an attacker establishes initial access to a system, the attacker often attempts to create a persistent method of reestablishing access. One way to accomplish this is for the attacker to simply create a new account. Notification of account creation is one method for mitigating this risk. A comprehensive account management process will ensure an audit trail that documents the creation of VMM user accounts and notifies the SA and ISSO that it exists. Such a process greatly reduces the risk that accounts will be surreptitiously created and provides logging that can be used for forensic purposes. To address access requirements, many VMMs can be integrated with enterprise-level authentication/access/auditing mechanisms that meet or exceed access control policy requirements.
SRG-OS-000275
1 Rule
The VMM must notify the system administrator (SA) and information system security officer (ISSO) when accounts are modified.
Medium Severity
Once an attacker establishes access to a system, the attacker often attempts to create a persistent method of reestablishing access. One way to accomplish this is for the attacker to simply modify an existing account. Notification of account modification is one method for mitigating this risk. A comprehensive account management process will ensure an audit trail that documents the creation of VMM user accounts and notifies the system administrator and ISSO that it exists. Such a process greatly reduces the risk that accounts will be surreptitiously created and provides logging that can be used for forensic purposes. To address access requirements, many VMMs can be integrated with enterprise-level authentication/access/auditing mechanisms that meet or exceed access control policy requirements.
SRG-OS-000276
1 Rule
The VMM must notify the system administrator (SA) and information system security officer (ISSO) when accounts are disabled.
Medium Severity
When VMM accounts are disabled, user accessibility is affected. Accounts are utilized for identifying individual VMM users or for identifying the VMM processes themselves. Sending notification of account disabling events to the system administrator and ISSO is one method for mitigating this risk. Such a capability greatly reduces the risk that VMM accessibility will be negatively affected for extended periods of time and also provides logging that can be used for forensic purposes. To address access requirements, many VMMs can be integrated with enterprise-level authentication/access/auditing mechanisms that meet or exceed access control policy requirements.
SRG-OS-000277
1 Rule
The VMM must notify the system administrator (SA) and information system security officer (ISSO) when accounts are removed.
Medium Severity
When VMM accounts are removed, user accessibility is affected. Accounts are utilized for identifying individual VMM users or for identifying the VMM processes themselves. Sending notification of account removal events to the system administrator and ISSO is one method for mitigating this risk. Such a capability greatly reduces the risk that VMM accessibility will be negatively affected for extended periods of time and also provides logging that can be used for forensic purposes. To address access requirements, many VMMs can be integrated with enterprise-level authentication/access/auditing mechanisms that meet or exceed access control policy requirements.
SRG-OS-000278
1 Rule
The VMM must use cryptographic mechanisms to protect the integrity of audit tools.
Medium Severity
Protecting the integrity of the tools used for auditing purposes is a critical step towards ensuring the integrity of audit data. Audit data includes all information (e.g., audit records, audit settings, and audit reports) needed to successfully audit VMM activity. Audit tools include, but are not limited to, vendor-provided and open source audit tools needed to successfully view and manipulate audit VMM activity and records. Audit tools include custom queries and report generators. It is not uncommon for attackers to replace the audit tools or inject code into the existing tools for the purpose of providing the capability to hide or erase system activity from the audit logs. To address this risk, audit tools must be cryptographically signed in order to provide the capability to identify when the audit tools have been modified, manipulated, or replaced. An example is a checksum hash of the file or files.
SRG-OS-000279
1 Rule
The VMM must automatically terminate a user session after inactivity timeouts have expired or at shutdown.
Medium Severity
Automatic session termination addresses the termination of user-initiated logical sessions in contrast to the termination of network connections that are associated with communications sessions (i.e., network disconnect). A logical session (for local, network, and remote access) is initiated whenever a user (or process acting on behalf of a user) accesses a VMM. Such user sessions can be terminated (and thus terminate user access) without terminating network sessions. Session termination terminates all processes associated with a user's logical session except those processes that are specifically created by the user (i.e., session owner) to continue after the session is terminated.
SRG-OS-000280
1 Rule
VMMs requiring user access authentication must provide a logout capability for user-initiated communications sessions.
Medium Severity
If a user cannot explicitly end a VMM session, the session may remain open and be exploited by an attacker; this is referred to as a zombie session. Information resources to which users gain access via authentication include, for example, local workstations and remote services. For some types of interactive sessions, including, for example, remote login, VMMs typically send logout messages as final messages prior to terminating sessions.
SRG-OS-000281
1 Rule
The VMM must display an explicit logout message to users indicating the reliable termination of authenticated communications sessions.
Medium Severity
If a user cannot explicitly end a VMM session, the session may remain open and be exploited by an attacker; this is referred to as a zombie session. Users need to be aware of whether or not the session has been terminated. Information resources to which users gain access via authentication include, for example, local workstations and remote services. Logout messages can be displayed after authenticated sessions have been terminated. However, for some types of interactive sessions, including, for example, remote login, VMMs typically send logout messages as final messages prior to terminating sessions.
SRG-OS-000297
1 Rule
The VMM must control remote access methods.
Medium Severity
Remote access services, such as those providing remote access to network devices and VMMs, which lack automated control capabilities, increase risk and make remote user access management difficult at best. Remote access is access to DoD nonpublic VMMs by an authorized user (or another VMM) communicating through an external, non-organization-controlled network. Remote access methods include, for example, dial-up, broadband, and wireless. VMM functionality (e.g., RDP) must be capable of taking enforcement action if the audit reveals unauthorized activity. Automated control of remote access sessions allows organizations to ensure ongoing compliance with remote access policies by enforcing connection rules of remote access applications on a variety of VMM components (e.g., servers, workstations, notebook computers, smart phones, and tablets).
SRG-OS-000298
1 Rule
The VMM must provide the capability to immediately disconnect or disable remote access to the information system.
Medium Severity
Without the ability to immediately disconnect or disable remote access, an attack or other compromise taking place would not be immediately stopped. VMM remote access functionality must have the capability to immediately disconnect current users remotely accessing the VMM and/or disable further remote access. The speed of disconnect or disablement varies based on the criticality of missions functions and the need to eliminate immediate or future remote access to organizational VMMs. The remote access functionality (e.g., RDP) may implement features, such as automatic disconnect (or user-initiated disconnect), in case of adverse information based on an indicator of compromise or attack.
SRG-OS-000299
1 Rule
The VMM must protect wireless access to the system using encryption.
Medium Severity
Allowing devices and users to connect to the system without first authenticating them allows untrusted access and can lead to a compromise or attack. Since wireless communications can be intercepted, it is necessary to use encryption to protect the confidentiality of information in transit. Wireless technologies include, for example, microwave, packet radio (UHF/VHF), 802.11x, and Bluetooth. Wireless networks use authentication protocols (e.g., EAP/TLS, PEAP), which provide credential protection and mutual authentication. This requirement applies to those VMMs that control wireless devices.
SRG-OS-000300
1 Rule
The VMM must protect wireless access to the system using authentication of users and/or devices.
Medium Severity
Allowing devices and users to connect to the system without first authenticating them allows untrusted access and can lead to a compromise or attack. Wireless technologies include, for example, microwave, packet radio (UHF/VHF), 802.11x, and Bluetooth. Wireless networks use authentication protocols (e.g., EAP/TLS, PEAP), which provide credential protection and mutual authentication. This requirement applies to those VMMs that control wireless devices.
SRG-OS-000303
1 Rule
The VMM must automatically audit account enabling actions.
Medium Severity
Once an attacker establishes access to a system, the attacker often attempts to create a persistent method of reestablishing access. One way to accomplish this is for the attacker to simply enable a new or disabled account. Notification of account enabling is one method for mitigating this risk. To address access requirements, many VMMs can be integrated with enterprise-level authentication/access/auditing mechanisms that meet or exceed access control policy requirements.
SRG-OS-000304
1 Rule
The VMM must notify the system administrator (SA) and information system security officer (ISSO) of account enabling actions.
Medium Severity
Once an attacker establishes access to a system, the attacker often attempts to create a persistent method of reestablishing access. One way to accomplish this is for the attacker to simply enable a new or disabled account. Sending notification of account enabling events to the system administrator and ISSO is one method for mitigating this risk. Such a capability greatly reduces the risk that VMM accessibility will be negatively affected for extended periods of time and also provides logging that can be used for forensic purposes. In order to detect and respond to events that affect user accessibility and application processing, VMMs must audit account enabling actions and, as required, notify the appropriate individuals so they can investigate the event. To address access requirements, many VMMs can be integrated with enterprise-level authentication/access/auditing mechanisms that meet or exceed access control policy requirements.
SRG-OS-000312
1 Rule
The VMM must implement discretionary access controls to allow VMM admins to pass information to any other VMM admin, user, or guest VM.
Medium Severity
Discretionary Access Control (DAC) is based on the notion that individual users are "owners" of objects and therefore have discretion over who should be authorized to access the object and in which mode (e.g., read or write). Ownership is usually acquired as a consequence of creating the object or via specified ownership assignment. DAC allows the owner to determine who will have access to objects they control. An example of DAC includes user-controlled file permissions. When discretionary access control policies are implemented, subjects are not constrained with regard to what actions they can take with information for which they have already been granted access. Thus, subjects that have been granted access to information are not prevented from passing (i.e., the subjects have the discretion to pass) the information to other subjects or objects. A subject that is constrained in its operation by Mandatory Access Control policies is still able to operate under the less rigorous constraints of this requirement. Thus, while Mandatory Access Control imposes constraints preventing a subject from passing information to another subject operating at a different sensitivity level, this requirement permits the subject to pass the information to any subject at the same sensitivity level. The policy is bounded by the VMM boundary. Once the information is passed outside of the control of the VMM, additional means may be required to ensure the constraints remain in effect. While the older, more traditional definitions of discretionary access control require identity-based access control, that limitation is not required for this use of discretionary access control.
SRG-OS-000312
1 Rule
The VMM must implement discretionary access controls to allow VMM admins to grant their privileges to other VMM admins.
Medium Severity
Discretionary Access Control (DAC) is based on the notion that individual users are "owners" of objects and therefore have discretion over who should be authorized to access the object and in which mode (e.g., read or write). Ownership is usually acquired as a consequence of creating the object or via specified ownership assignment. DAC allows the owner to determine who will have access to objects they control. An example of DAC includes user-controlled file permissions. When discretionary access control policies are implemented, subjects are not constrained with regard to what actions they can take with information for which they have already been granted access. Thus, subjects that have been granted access to information are not prevented from passing (i.e., the subjects have the discretion to pass) the information to other subjects or objects. A subject that is constrained in its operation by Mandatory Access Control policies is still able to operate under the less rigorous constraints of this requirement. Thus, while Mandatory Access Control imposes constraints preventing a subject from passing information to another subject operating at a different sensitivity level, this requirement permits the subject to pass the information to any subject at the same sensitivity level. The policy is bounded by the VMM boundary. Once the information is passed outside of the control of the VMM, additional means may be required to ensure the constraints remain in effect. While the older, more traditional definitions of discretionary access control require identity-based access control, that limitation is not required for this use of discretionary access control.
SRG-OS-000312
1 Rule
The VMM must implement discretionary access controls to allow VMM admins to change security attributes on users, guest VMs, the VMM, or the VMMs components.
Medium Severity
Discretionary Access Control (DAC) is based on the notion that individual users are "owners" of objects and therefore have discretion over who should be authorized to access the object and in which mode (e.g., read or write). Ownership is usually acquired as a consequence of creating the object or via specified ownership assignment. DAC allows the owner to determine who will have access to objects they control. An example of DAC includes user-controlled file permissions. When discretionary access control policies are implemented, subjects are not constrained with regard to what actions they can take with information for which they have already been granted access. Thus, subjects that have been granted access to information are not prevented from passing (i.e., the subjects have the discretion to pass) the information to other subjects or objects. A subject that is constrained in its operation by Mandatory Access Control policies is still able to operate under the less rigorous constraints of this requirement. Thus, while Mandatory Access Control imposes constraints preventing a subject from passing information to another subject operating at a different sensitivity level, this requirement permits the subject to pass the information to any subject at the same sensitivity level. The policy is bounded by the VMM boundary. Once the information is passed outside of the control of the VMM, additional means may be required to ensure the constraints remain in effect. While the older, more traditional definitions of discretionary access control require identity-based access control, that limitation is not required for this use of discretionary access control.
SRG-OS-000312
1 Rule
The VMM must implement discretionary access controls to allow VMM admins to choose the security attributes to be associated with newly created or revised guest VMs.
Medium Severity
Discretionary Access Control (DAC) is based on the notion that individual users are "owners" of objects and therefore have discretion over who should be authorized to access the object and in which mode (e.g., read or write). Ownership is usually acquired as a consequence of creating the object or via specified ownership assignment. DAC allows the owner to determine who will have access to objects they control. An example of DAC includes user-controlled file permissions. When discretionary access control policies are implemented, subjects are not constrained with regard to what actions they can take with information for which they have already been granted access. Thus, subjects that have been granted access to information are not prevented from passing (i.e., the subjects have the discretion to pass) the information to other subjects or objects. A subject that is constrained in its operation by Mandatory Access Control policies is still able to operate under the less rigorous constraints of this requirement. Thus, while Mandatory Access Control imposes constraints preventing a subject from passing information to another subject operating at a different sensitivity level, this requirement permits the subject to pass the information to any subject at the same sensitivity level. The policy is bounded by the VMM boundary. Once the information is passed outside of the control of the VMM, additional means may be required to ensure the constraints remain in effect. While the older, more traditional definitions of discretionary access control require identity-based access control, that limitation is not required for this use of discretionary access control.
SRG-OS-000324
1 Rule
The VMM must prevent non-privileged users from executing privileged functions to include disabling, circumventing, or altering implemented security safeguards/countermeasures.
Medium Severity
Preventing non-privileged users from executing privileged functions mitigates the risk that unauthorized individuals or processes may gain unnecessary access to information or privileges. Privileged functions include, for example, establishing accounts, performing system integrity checks, or administering cryptographic key management activities. Non-privileged users are individuals that do not possess appropriate authorizations. Circumventing intrusion detection and prevention mechanisms or malicious code protection mechanisms are examples of privileged functions that require protection from non-privileged users.
SRG-OS-000326
1 Rule
The VMM must prevent all software from executing at higher privilege levels than users executing the software.
Medium Severity
In certain situations, guest VMs, applications, and programs need to execute with elevated privileges to perform required functions. However, if the privileges required for execution are at a higher level than the privileges assigned to VMM users invoking such applications/programs, those users are indirectly provided with greater privileges than assigned by organizations. Some guest VMs, applications, programs, and processes are required to operate at a higher privilege level and therefore should be excluded from this restriction after review.
SRG-OS-000327
1 Rule
The VMM must audit the execution of privileged functions.
Medium Severity
Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally, by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised VMM accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider threats and the advanced persistent threat.
SRG-OS-000329
1 Rule
The VMM must automatically lock an account until the locked account is released by an administrator, when three unsuccessful logon attempts in 15 minutes are made.
Medium Severity
By limiting the number of failed logon attempts, the risk of unauthorized system access via user password guessing, otherwise known as brute-forcing, is reduced. Limits are imposed by locking the account.
SRG-OS-000337
1 Rule
The VMM must provide the capability for assigned IMOs/ISSOs or designated SAs to change the auditing to be performed on all VMM components, based on all selectable event criteria in near real time.
Medium Severity
If authorized individuals do not have the ability to modify auditing parameters in response to a changing threat environment, the organization may not be able to effectively respond, and important forensic information may be lost. This requirement enables organizations to extend or limit auditing as necessary to meet organizational requirements. Auditing that is limited to conserve VMM resources may be extended to address certain threat situations. In addition, auditing may be limited to a specific set of events to facilitate audit reduction, analysis, and reporting.
SRG-OS-000341
1 Rule
The VMM must allocate audit record storage capacity to store at least one weeks worth of audit records when audit records are not immediately sent to a central audit record storage facility.
Medium Severity
In order to ensure VMMs have a sufficient storage capacity in which to write the audit logs, VMMs need to be able to allocate audit record storage capacity. The task of allocating audit record storage capacity is usually performed during initial installation of the VMM and should be based upon anticipated audit record volume. If a central audit record storage facility is available, the local storage capacity should be sufficient to hold audit records that would accumulate during anticipated interruptions in delivery of records to the facility.
SRG-OS-000342
1 Rule
The VMM must off-load audit records onto a different system or media than the system being audited.
Medium Severity
Information stored in one location is vulnerable to accidental or incidental deletion or alteration. Off-loading is a common process in VMMs with limited audit storage capacity.
SRG-OS-000343
1 Rule
The VMM must provide an immediate warning to the SA and ISSO, at a minimum, when allocated audit record storage volume reaches 75% of repository maximum audit record storage capacity.
Medium Severity
If security personnel are not notified immediately when storage volume reaches 75%, they are unable to plan for audit record storage capacity expansion.
SRG-OS-000344
1 Rule
The VMM must provide an immediate real-time alert to the SA and ISSO, at a minimum, of all audit failure events requiring real-time alerts.
Medium Severity
It is critical for the appropriate personnel to be aware if a VMM is at risk of failing to process audit logs as required. Without a real-time alert, security personnel may be unaware of an impending failure of the audit capability, and system operation may be adversely affected. Alerts provide organizations with urgent messages. Real-time alerts provide these messages immediately (i.e., the time from event detection to alert occurs in seconds or less).
SRG-OS-000348
1 Rule
The VMM must provide an audit reduction capability that supports on-demand audit review and analysis.
Medium Severity
The ability to perform on-demand audit review and analysis, including after the audit data has been subjected to audit reduction, greatly facilitates the organization's ability to generate incident reports as needed to better handle larger-scale or more complex security incidents. Audit reduction is a technique used to reduce the volume of audit records in order to facilitate a manual review. Audit reduction does not alter original audit records. The report generation capability provided by the application must support on-demand (i.e., customizable, ad hoc, and as-needed) reports.
SRG-OS-000349
1 Rule
The VMM must provide an audit reduction capability that supports after-the-fact investigations of security incidents.
Medium Severity
If the audit reduction capability does not support after-the-fact investigations, it is difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events leading up to an outage or attack or identify those responses for one. This capability is also required to comply with applicable Federal laws and DoD policies. Audit reduction capability must support after-the-fact investigations of security incidents either natively or through the use of third-party tools This requirement is specific to VMMs with audit reduction capabilities
SRG-OS-000350
1 Rule
The VMM must provide a report generation capability that supports on-demand audit review and analysis.
Medium Severity
The report generation capability must support on-demand review and analysis in order to facilitate the organization's ability to generate incident reports as needed to better handle larger-scale or more complex security incidents. Report generation must be capable of generating on-demand (i.e., customizable, ad hoc, and as-needed) reports. On-demand reporting allows personnel to report issues more rapidly to more effectively meet reporting requirements. Collecting log data and aggregating it to present the data in a single, consolidated report achieves this objective.
SRG-OS-000351
1 Rule
The VMM must provide a report generation capability that supports on-demand reporting requirements.
Medium Severity
The report generation capability must support on-demand reporting in order to facilitate the organization's ability to generate incident reports as needed to better handle larger-scale or more complex security incidents. Report generation must be capable of generating on-demand (i.e., customizable, ad hoc, and as-needed) reports. On-demand reporting allows personnel to report issues more rapidly to more effectively meet reporting requirements. Collecting log data and aggregating it to present the data in a single, consolidated report achieves this objective.
SRG-OS-000352
1 Rule
The VMM must provide a report generation capability that supports after-the-fact investigations of security incidents.
Medium Severity
If the report generation capability does not support after-the-fact investigations, it is difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events leading up to an outage or attack or identify those responses for one. This capability is also required to comply with applicable Federal laws and DoD policies. The report generation capability must support after-the-fact investigations of security incidents either natively or through the use of third-party tools.
SRG-OS-000353
1 Rule
The VMM that provides an audit reduction capability must not alter original content or time ordering of audit records.
Medium Severity
If the audit reduction capability alters the content or time ordering of audit records, the integrity of the audit records is compromised, and the records are no longer usable for forensic analysis. Audit reduction is a process that manipulates collected audit information and organizes such information in a summary format that is more meaningful to analysts. Time ordering refers to the chronological organization of records based on time stamps. The degree of time stamp precision can affect this. This requirement is specific to VMMs providing audit reduction capabilities. The audit reduction capability can be met either natively or through the use of third-party tools.
SRG-OS-000354
1 Rule
The VMM that provides a report generation capability must not alter original content or time ordering of audit records.
Medium Severity
If the report generation capability alters the content or time ordering of audit records, the integrity of the audit records is compromised, and the records are no longer usable for forensic analysis. Time ordering refers to the chronological organization of records based on time stamps. The degree of time stamp precision can affect this. This requirement is specific to VMMs providing report generation capabilities. The report generation capability can be met either natively or through the use of third-party tools.
SRG-OS-000355
1 Rule
The VMM must, for networked systems, compare internal information system clocks at least every 24 hours with an authoritative time source.
Medium Severity
Inaccurate time stamps make it more difficult to correlate events and can lead to an inaccurate analysis. Determining the correct time a particular event occurred on a system is critical when conducting forensic analysis and investigating system events. Sources outside of the configured acceptable allowance (drift) may be inaccurate. Synchronizing internal VMM clocks provides uniformity of time stamps for VMMs with multiple system clocks and systems connected over a network. Organizations should consider endpoints that may not have regular access to the authoritative time server (e.g., mobile, teleworking, and tactical endpoints).
SRG-OS-000356
1 Rule
The VMM must synchronize internal information system clocks to the authoritative time source when the time difference is greater than one second.
Medium Severity
Inaccurate time stamps make it more difficult to correlate events and can lead to an inaccurate analysis. Determining the correct time a particular event occurred on a system is critical when conducting forensic analysis and investigating system events. Synchronizing internal VMM clocks provides uniformity of time stamps for VMMs with multiple system clocks and systems connected over a network.
SRG-OS-000358
1 Rule
The VMM must record time stamps for audit records that meet a granularity of one second for a minimum degree of precision.
Medium Severity
Without sufficient granularity of time stamps, it is not possible to adequately determine the chronological order of records. Time stamps generated by the VMM include date and time. Granularity of time measurements refers to the degree of synchronization between VMM clocks and reference clocks.
SRG-OS-000359
1 Rule
The VMM must record time stamps for audit records that can be mapped to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) or Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Medium Severity
If time stamps are not consistently applied and there is no common time reference, it is difficult to perform forensic analysis. Time stamps generated by the VMM include date and time. Time is commonly expressed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), a modern continuation of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), or local time with an offset from UTC.
SRG-OS-000360
1 Rule
The VMM must enforce dual authorization for movement and/or deletion of all audit information, when such movement or deletion is not part of an authorized automatic process.
Medium Severity
An authorized user may intentionally or accidentally move or delete audit records without those specific actions being authorized. All bulk manipulation of audit information must be via authorized automatic processes. Any manual manipulation of audit information must require dual authorization. Dual authorization mechanisms require the approval of two authorized individuals in order to execute.
SRG-OS-000362
1 Rule
The VMM must prohibit user installation of software without explicit privileged status.
Medium Severity
Allowing regular users to install software or guest VMs, without explicit privileges, creates the risk that untested or potentially malicious software will be installed on the VMM. Explicit privileges (escalated or administrative privileges) provide the regular user with explicit capabilities and control that exceeds the rights of a regular user. VMM functionality will vary, and while users are not permitted to install unapproved software or guest VMs, there may be instances when the organization allows the user to install approved software packages such as from an approved software repository. The VMM or software configuration management utility must enforce control of software installation by users based upon what types of software installations are permitted (e.g., updates and security patches to existing software) and what types of installations are prohibited (e.g., software whose pedigree with regard to being potentially malicious is unknown or suspect) by the organization.
SRG-OS-000363
1 Rule
The VMM must notify designated personnel if baseline configurations are changed in an unauthorized manner.
Medium Severity
Unauthorized changes to the baseline configuration could make the VMM vulnerable to various attacks or allow unauthorized access to the VMM. Changes to VMM configurations can have unintended side effects, some of which may be relevant to security. Detecting such changes and providing an automated response can help avoid unintended, negative consequences that could ultimately affect the security state of the VMM. The VMM's IMO/ISSO and SAs must be notified via email and/or monitoring system trap when there is an unauthorized modification of a configuration item.
SRG-OS-000364
1 Rule
The VMM must enforce access restrictions associated with changes to the system.
Medium Severity
Failure to provide logical access restrictions associated with changes to system configuration may have significant effects on the overall security of the system. When dealing with access restrictions pertaining to change control, it should be noted that any changes to the hardware, software, and/or firmware components of the VMM can potentially have significant effects on the overall security of the system. Accordingly, only qualified and authorized individuals should be allowed to obtain access to VMM components for the purposes of initiating changes, including upgrades and modifications. Logical access restrictions include, for example, controls that restrict access to guest VMs, workflow automation, media libraries, abstract layers (e.g., changes implemented into third-party interfaces rather than directly into VMMs), and change windows (e.g., changes occur only during specified times, making unauthorized changes easy to discover).
SRG-OS-000365
1 Rule
The VMM must audit the enforcement actions used to restrict access associated with changes to the system.
Medium Severity
Without auditing the enforcement of access restrictions against changes to the VMM configuration, it will be difficult to identify attempted attacks, and an audit trail will not be available for forensic investigation for after-the-fact actions. Enforcement actions are the methods or mechanisms used to prevent unauthorized changes to configuration settings. Enforcement action methods may be as simple as denying access to a file based on the application of file permissions (access restriction). Audit items may consist of lists of actions blocked by access restrictions or changes identified after the fact.
SRG-OS-000366
1 Rule
The VMM must prevent the installation of guest VMs, patches, service packs, device drivers, or VMM components without verification they have been digitally signed using a certificate that is recognized and approved by the organization.
Medium Severity
Changes to any software components can have significant effects on the overall security of the VMM. This requirement ensures the software has not been tampered with and that it has been provided by a trusted vendor. Accordingly, guest VMs, patches, service packs, device drivers, or VMM components must be signed with a certificate recognized and approved by the organization. Verifying the authenticity of the software prior to installation validates the integrity of the patch or upgrade received from a vendor. This ensures the software has not been tampered with and that it has been provided by a trusted vendor. Self-signed certificates are disallowed by this requirement. The VMM should not have to verify the software again. This requirement does not mandate DOD certificates for this purpose; however, the certificate used to verify the software must be from an approved certificate authority (CA).
SRG-OS-000368
1 Rule
The VMM must prevent use of service and helper VMs not required to support proper VMM function.
Medium Severity
Control of program execution is a mechanism used to prevent execution of unauthorized programs. Some VMMs may provide a capability that runs counter to the mission or provides users with functionality that exceeds mission requirements. This includes functions and services installed at the VMM level. Some of the service and helper VMs, installed by default, may be harmful or may not be necessary to support essential organizational operations (e.g., key missions, functions). Removal of such VMs is not always possible; therefore, establishing a method of preventing VM activation is critical to maintaining a secure system baseline. Methods for complying with this requirement include restricting execution of VMs in certain environments, while preventing execution in other environments; or limiting execution of certain VM functionality based on organizationally defined criteria (e.g., privileges, subnets, sandboxed environments, or roles).
SRG-OS-000368
1 Rule
The VMM must prevent inappropriate use of redundant guest VMs.
Medium Severity
Control of program execution is a mechanism used to prevent execution of unauthorized programs. Some VMMs may provide a capability that runs counter to the mission or provides users with functionality that exceeds mission requirements. This includes functions and services installed at the VMM level. Some of the guest VMs, set up for redundancy, may be harmful or may not be necessary to support essential organizational operations (e.g., key missions, functions) at the present time. Removal of such VMs is not always possible; therefore, establishing a method of preventing VM activation is critical to maintaining a secure system baseline. Methods for complying with this requirement include restricting execution of VMs in certain environments, while preventing execution in other environments; or limiting execution of certain VM functionality based on organizationally defined criteria (e.g., privileges, subnets, sandboxed environments, or roles).
SRG-OS-000370
1 Rule
The VMM must employ a deny-all, permit-by-exception policy to allow the execution of authorized software programs and guest VMs.
Medium Severity
Utilizing a whitelist provides a configuration management method for allowing the execution of only authorized software and guest VMs. Using only authorized software decreases risk by limiting the number of potential vulnerabilities and by preventing the execution of malware. The organization must identify authorized software programs and permit execution of authorized software. The process used to identify software programs and guest VMs that are authorized to execute on organizational VMMs is commonly referred to as whitelisting. Verification of white-listed software and guest VMs can occur either prior to execution or at system startup.
SRG-OS-000375
1 Rule
The VMM must implement multifactor authentication for remote access to privileged accounts such that one of the factors is provided by a device separate from the system gaining access.
Medium Severity
Using an authentication device, such as a CAC or token that is separate from the VMM, ensures that even if the VMM is compromised, that compromise will not affect credentials stored on the authentication device. Multifactor solutions that require devices separate from VMMs gaining access include, for example, hardware tokens providing time-based or challenge-response authenticators and smart cards such as the U.S. Government Personal Identity Verification card and the DOD common access card. A privileged account is defined as a VMM account with authorizations of a privileged user. Remote access is access to DOD nonpublic VMMs by an authorized user (or a VMM) communicating through an external, non-organization-controlled network. Remote access methods include, for example, dial-up, broadband, and wireless.
SRG-OS-000376
1 Rule
The VMM must accept Personal Identity Verification (PIV) credentials.
Medium Severity
The use of PIV credentials facilitates standardization and reduces the risk of unauthorized access. DoD has mandated the use of the CAC to support identity management and personal authentication for systems covered under Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD) 12 and as a primary component of layered protection for national security systems.
SRG-OS-000377
1 Rule
The VMM must electronically verify Personal Identity Verification (PIV) credentials.
Medium Severity
The use of PIV credentials facilitates standardization and reduces the risk of unauthorized access. DoD has mandated the use of the CAC to support identity management and personal authentication for systems covered under Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD) 12 and as a primary component of layered protection for national security systems.
SRG-OS-000378
1 Rule
The VMM must authenticate peripherals before establishing a connection.
Medium Severity
Without authenticating devices, unidentified or unknown devices may be introduced, thereby facilitating malicious activity. Peripherals include, but are not limited to, such devices as flash drives, external storage, and printers. This requirement is applicable to devices capable of authentication.
SRG-OS-000379
1 Rule
The VMM must authenticate all endpoint devices before establishing a local, remote, and/or network connection using bidirectional authentication that is cryptographically based.
Medium Severity
Without authenticating devices, unidentified or unknown devices may be introduced, thereby facilitating malicious activity. Bidirectional authentication provides stronger safeguards to validate the identity of other devices for connections that are of greater risk. Bidirectional authentication solutions include, but are not limited, to IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol [EAP], Radius server with EAP-Transport Layer Security [TLS] authentication, Kerberos, and SSL mutual authentication. A local connection is any connection with a device communicating without the use of a network. A network connection is any connection with a device that communicates through a network (e.g., local area network, wide area network, or the Internet). A remote connection is any connection with a device communicating through an external network (e.g., the Internet). Because of the challenges of applying this requirement on a large scale, organizations are encouraged to only apply this requirement to those limited number (and type) of devices that truly need to support this capability.
SRG-OS-000383
1 Rule
The VMM must prohibit the use of cached authenticators after one day.
Medium Severity
If cached authentication information is out of date, the validity of the authentication information may be questionable.
SRG-OS-000384
1 Rule
The VMM, for PKI-based authentication, must implement a local cache of revocation data to support path discovery and validation in case of the inability to access revocation information via the network.
Medium Severity
Without configuring a local cache of revocation data, there is the potential to allow access to users who are no longer authorized (users with revoked certificates).
SRG-OS-000396
1 Rule
The VMM must implement NSA-approved cryptography to protect classified information in accordance with applicable federal laws, Executive Orders, directives, policies, regulations, and standards.
Medium Severity
Use of weak or untested encryption algorithms undermines the purposes of utilizing encryption to protect data. The VMM must implement cryptographic modules adhering to the higher standards approved by the federal government since this provides assurance they have been tested and validated.
SRG-OS-000399
1 Rule
The VMM must request data origin authentication verification on the name/address resolution responses the system receives from authoritative sources.
Medium Severity
If data origin authentication and data integrity verification is not performed, the resultant response could be forged, it may have come from a poisoned cache, the packets could have been intercepted without the resolver's knowledge, or resource records could have been removed which would result in query failure or DoS. Data origin authentication must be performed to thwart these types of attacks. Each client of name resolution services either performs this validation on its own, or has authenticated channels to trusted validation providers. VMMs that provide name and address resolution services for local clients include, for example, recursive resolving or caching Domain Name System (DNS) servers. DNS client resolvers either perform validation of DNSSEC signatures, or clients use authenticated channels to recursive resolvers that perform such validations. VMMs that use technologies other than the DNS to map between host/service names and network addresses provide other means to enable clients to verify the authenticity of response data. This is not applicable if DNSSEC is not implemented on the local network.
SRG-OS-000400
1 Rule
The VMM must request data integrity verification on the name/address resolution responses the system receives from authoritative sources.
Medium Severity
If data origin authentication and data integrity verification is not performed, the resultant response could be forged, it may have come from a poisoned cache, the packets could have been intercepted without the resolver's knowledge, or resource records could have been removed that would result in query failure or denial of service. Data integrity verification must be performed to thwart these types of attacks. Each client of name resolution services either performs this validation on its own or has authenticated channels to trusted validation providers. VMMs that provide name and address resolution services for local clients include, for example, recursive resolving or caching Domain Name System (DNS) servers. DNS client resolvers either perform validation of DNSSEC signatures, or clients use authenticated channels to recursive resolvers that perform such validations. This is not applicable if DNSSEC is not implemented on the local network.
SRG-OS-000401
1 Rule
The VMM must perform data integrity verification on the name/address resolution responses the system receives from authoritative sources.
Medium Severity
If data origin authentication and data integrity verification are not performed, the resultant response could be forged, it may have come from a poisoned cache, the packets could have been intercepted without the resolver's knowledge, or resource records could have been removed which would result in query failure or denial of service. Data integrity verification must be performed to thwart these types of attacks. Each client of name resolution services either performs this validation on its own, or has authenticated channels to trusted validation providers. VMMs that provide name and address resolution services for local clients include, for example, recursive resolving or caching Domain Name System (DNS) servers. DNS client resolvers either perform validation of DNSSEC signatures, or clients use authenticated channels to recursive resolvers that perform such validations. This is not applicable if DNSSEC is not implemented on the local network.
SRG-OS-000402
1 Rule
The VMM must perform data origin verification authentication on the name/address resolution responses the system receives from authoritative sources.
Medium Severity
If data origin authentication and data integrity verification are not performed, the resultant response could be forged, it may have come from a poisoned cache, the packets could have been intercepted without the resolver's knowledge, or resource records could have been removed which would result in query failure or denial of service. Data origin authentication verification must be performed to thwart these types of attacks. Each client of name resolution services either performs this validation on its own or has authenticated channels to trusted validation providers. VMMs that provide name and address resolution services for local clients include, for example, recursive resolving or caching Domain Name System (DNS) servers. DNS client resolvers either perform validation of DNSSEC signatures, or clients use authenticated channels to recursive resolvers that perform such validations. This is not applicable if DNSSEC is not implemented on the local network.
SRG-OS-000403
1 Rule
The VMM must only allow the use of DoD PKI-established certificate authorities for verification of the establishment of protected sessions.
Medium Severity
Untrusted Certificate Authorities (CA) can issue certificates, but they may be issued by organizations or individuals that seek to compromise DoD systems or by organizations with insufficient security controls. If the CA used for verifying the certificate is not a DoD-approved CA, trust of this CA has not been established. The DoD will only accept PKI certificates obtained from a DoD-approved internal or external certificate authority. Reliance on CAs for the establishment of secure sessions includes, for example, the use of SSL/TLS certificates. This requirement is not applicable to VMM-internal sessions between components not identified as "Key Terrain" for "Non-Person Entities" per DoD policy.
SRG-OS-000404
1 Rule
The VMM must implement cryptographic mechanisms to prevent unauthorized modification of all information at rest on all VMM components.
Medium Severity
VMMs handling data requiring "data at rest" protections must employ cryptographic mechanisms to prevent unauthorized modification of the information at rest. Selection of a cryptographic mechanism is based on the need to protect the integrity of organizational information. The strength of the mechanism is commensurate with the security category and/or classification of the information.
SRG-OS-000405
1 Rule
The VMM must implement cryptographic mechanisms to prevent unauthorized disclosure of all information at rest on all VMM components.
Medium Severity
VMMs handling data requiring "data at rest" protections must employ cryptographic mechanisms to prevent unauthorized disclosure of the information at rest. Selection of a cryptographic mechanism is based on the need to protect the integrity of organizational information. The strength of the mechanism is commensurate with the security category and/or classification of the information.
SRG-OS-000408
1 Rule
The VMM must maintain a separate execution domain for each executing process.
Medium Severity
VMMs can maintain separate execution domains for each executing process by assigning each process a separate address space. Each VMM process has a distinct address space so that communication between processes is performed in a manner controlled through the security functions, and one process cannot modify the executing code of another process. Maintaining separate execution domains for executing processes can be achieved, for example, by implementing separate address spaces. This capability is available in most commercial VMMs that employ multistate processor technologies.
SRG-OS-000408
1 Rule
The VMM must maintain a separate execution domain for each guest VM.
Medium Severity
VMMs can maintain separate execution domains for each executing guest VM by assigning each guest VM a separate address space. Each VMM guest VM has a distinct address space so that communication between guest VMs is performed in a manner controlled through the security functions of the VMM, and one guest VM cannot modify the executing code of another guest VM. This capability is available in most commercial VMMs that employ virtualization processor technologies.
SRG-OS-000420
1 Rule
The VMM must protect against or limit the effects of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks by ensuring the VMM is implementing rate-limiting measures on impacted network interfaces.
Medium Severity
DoS is a condition when a resource is not available for legitimate users. When this occurs, the organization either cannot accomplish its mission or must operate at degraded capacity. This requirement addresses the configuration of the VMM to mitigate the impact of DoS attacks that have occurred or are ongoing on system availability. For each system, known and potential DoS attacks must be identified and solutions for each type implemented. A variety of technologies exist to limit or, in some cases, eliminate the effects of DoS attacks (e.g., limiting processes or establishing memory partitions). Employing increased capacity and bandwidth, combined with service redundancy, may reduce the susceptibility to some DoS attacks, though they may also exacerbate the problem.
SRG-OS-000423
1 Rule
The VMM must protect the confidentiality and integrity of transmitted information.
Medium Severity
Without protection of the transmitted information, confidentiality and integrity may be compromised as unprotected communications can be intercepted and either read or altered. This requirement applies to both internal and external networks and all types of VMM components from which information can be transmitted (e.g., guest VMs, servers, mobile devices, notebook computers, printers, copiers, scanners, and facsimile machines). Communication paths outside the physical protection of a controlled boundary are exposed to the possibility of interception and modification. Protecting the confidentiality and integrity of organizational information can be accomplished by physical means (e.g., employing physical distribution systems) or by logical means (e.g., employing cryptographic techniques). If physical means of protection are employed, then logical means (cryptography) do not have to be employed, and vice versa.
SRG-OS-000425
1 Rule
The VMM must maintain the confidentiality and integrity of information during preparation for transmission.
Medium Severity
Information can be either unintentionally or maliciously disclosed or modified during preparation for transmission, for example, during aggregation, at protocol transformation points, and during packing/unpacking. These unauthorized disclosures or modifications compromise the confidentiality or integrity of the information. Ensuring the confidentiality of transmitted information requires the VMM to take measures in preparing information for transmission. This can be accomplished via access control and encryption. Use of this requirement will be limited to situations where the data owner has a strict requirement for ensuring data integrity and confidentiality is maintained at every step of the data transfer and handling process. When transmitting data, VMMs need to support transmission protection mechanisms such as TLS, SSL VPNs, or IPSEC.
SRG-OS-000426
1 Rule
The VMM must maintain the confidentiality and integrity of information during reception.
Medium Severity
Information can be either unintentionally or maliciously disclosed or modified during reception, including, for example, during de-aggregation, at protocol transformation points, and during packing/unpacking. These unauthorized disclosures or modifications compromise the confidentiality or integrity of the information. Ensuring the confidentiality of transmitted information requires the VMM to take measures in preparing information during reception. This can be accomplished via access control and encryption. Use of this requirement will be limited to situations where the data owner has a strict requirement for ensuring data integrity and confidentiality is maintained at every step of the data transfer and handling process. When receiving data, VMMs need to leverage protection mechanisms such as TLS, SSL VPNs, or IPSEC.
SRG-OS-000432
1 Rule
The VMM must behave in a predictable and documented manner that reflects organizational and system objectives when invalid inputs are received.
Medium Severity
A common vulnerability of VMM is unpredictable behavior when invalid inputs are received. This requirement guards against adverse or unintended system behavior caused by invalid inputs, where VMM responses to the invalid input may be disruptive or cause the system to fail into an unsafe state. The behavior will be derived from the organizational and system requirements and includes, but is not limited to, notification of the appropriate personnel, creating an audit record, and rejecting invalid input.
SRG-OS-000433
1 Rule
The VMM must implement non-executable data to protect its memory from unauthorized code execution.
Medium Severity
Some adversaries launch attacks with the intent of executing code in non-executable regions of memory or in memory locations that are prohibited. Data execution prevention safeguards can either be hardware-enforced or software-enforced with hardware providing the greater strength of mechanism. Examples of attacks are buffer overflow attacks.
SRG-OS-000433
1 Rule
The VMM must implement address space layout randomization to protect its memory from unauthorized code execution.
Medium Severity
Some adversaries launch attacks with the intent of executing code in non-executable regions of memory or in memory locations that are prohibited. Data execution prevention safeguards can either be hardware-enforced or software-enforced with hardware providing the greater strength of mechanism. Examples of attacks are buffer overflow attacks.
SRG-OS-000437
1 Rule
The VMM must remove all software components after updated versions have been installed.
Medium Severity
Previous versions of software components that are not removed from the VMM after updates have been installed may be exploited by adversaries. Some information technology products may remove older versions of software automatically from the VMM.
SRG-OS-000445
1 Rule
The VMM must verify correct operation of all security functions.
Medium Severity
Without verification of the security functions, security functions may not operate correctly and the failure may go unnoticed. Security function is defined as the hardware, software, and/or firmware of the VMM responsible for enforcing the system security policy and supporting the isolation of code and data on which the protection is based. Security functionality includes, but is not limited to, establishing system accounts, configuring access authorizations (i.e., permissions, privileges), setting events to be audited, and setting intrusion detection parameters.
SRG-OS-000446
1 Rule
The VMM must perform verification of the correct operation of security functions: upon system startup and/or restart; upon command by a user with privileged access; and/or every 30 days.
Medium Severity
Without verification of the security functions, security functions may not operate correctly and the failure may go unnoticed. Security function is defined as the hardware, software, and/or firmware of the VMM responsible for enforcing the system security policy and supporting the isolation of code and data on which the protection is based. Security functionality includes, but is not limited to, establishing system accounts, configuring access authorizations (i.e., permissions, privileges), setting events to be audited, and setting intrusion detection parameters. Notifications provided by VMMs include, for example, electronic alerts to system administrators, messages to local computer consoles, and/or hardware indications, such as lights.
SRG-OS-000447
1 Rule
The VMM must shut down, restart, and/or notify the system administrator when anomalies in the operation of any security functions are discovered.
Medium Severity
If anomalies are not acted upon, security functions may fail to secure the system. Security function is defined as the hardware, software, and/or firmware of the VMM responsible for enforcing the system security policy and supporting the isolation of code and data on which the protection is based. Security functionality includes, but is not limited to, establishing system accounts, configuring access authorizations (i.e., permissions, privileges), setting events to be audited, and setting intrusion detection parameters. Notifications provided by VMMs include messages to local computer consoles, hardware indications, such as lights, and/or notifying SAs via email or monitoring system traps. This capability must take into account operational requirements for availability when selecting an appropriate response. The organization may choose to shut down or restart the VMM or send notifications to SAs upon security function anomaly detection.
SRG-OS-000458
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records when successful/unsuccessful attempts to access security objects occur.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000460
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records when successful/unsuccessful attempts to access security levels occur.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000461
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records when successful/unsuccessful attempts to access categories of information (e.g., classification levels) occur.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000462
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records when successful/unsuccessful attempts to modify privileges occur.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000463
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records when successful/unsuccessful attempts to modify security objects occur.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000464
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records when successful/unsuccessful attempts to modify security levels occur.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000466
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records when successful/unsuccessful attempts to delete privileges occur.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000467
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records when successful/unsuccessful attempts to delete security levels occur.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000468
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records when successful/unsuccessful attempts to delete security objects occur.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000470
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records when successful/unsuccessful logon attempts occur.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000471
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records for privileged activities or other system-level access.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000472
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records showing starting and ending time for user access to the system.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000473
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records when concurrent logons from different workstations occur.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000474
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records when successful/unsuccessful accesses to objects occur.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000475
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records for all direct access to the VMM.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000476
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records for all account creations, modifications, disabling, and termination events.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000477
1 Rule
The VMM must generate audit records for all module load, unload, and restart actions, and also for all program and guest VM initiations.
Medium Severity
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one. Audit records can be generated from various components within the VMM (e.g., module or policy filter).
SRG-OS-000478
1 Rule
The VMM must implement NIST FIPS-validated cryptography for the following: to provision digital signatures; to generate cryptographic hashes; and to protect unclassified information requiring confidentiality and cryptographic protection in accordance with applicable federal laws, Executive Orders, directives, policies, regulations, and standards.
Medium Severity
Use of weak or untested encryption algorithms undermines the purposes of utilizing encryption to protect data. The VMM must implement cryptographic modules adhering to the higher standards approved by the federal government since this provides assurance they have been tested and validated.
SRG-OS-000479
1 Rule
The VMM must, at a minimum, off-load interconnected systems in real time and off-load standalone systems weekly.
Medium Severity
Information stored in one location is vulnerable to accidental or incidental deletion or alteration. Off-loading is a common process in VMMs with limited audit storage capacity.
SRG-OS-000480
1 Rule
The VMM must be configured in accordance with the security configuration settings based on DoD security configuration or implementation guidance, including STIGs, NSA configuration guides, CTOs, and DTMs.
Medium Severity
Configuring the VMM to implement organization-wide security implementation guides and security checklists ensures compliance with federal standards and establishes a common security baseline across DoD that reflects the most restrictive security posture consistent with operational requirements. Configuration settings are the set of parameters that can be changed in hardware, software, or firmware components of the system that affect the security posture and/or functionality of the system. Security-related parameters are those parameters impacting the security state of the system, including the parameters required to satisfy other security control requirements. Security-related parameters include, for example: registry settings; account, file, directory permission settings; and settings for functions, ports, protocols, services, and remote connections.
SRG-OS-000481
1 Rule
The VMM must protect the confidentiality and integrity of communications with wireless peripherals.
Medium Severity
Without protection of communications with wireless peripherals, confidentiality and integrity may be compromised because unprotected communications can be intercepted and either read, altered, or used to compromise the VMM. This requirement applies to wireless peripheral technologies (e.g., wireless mice, keyboards, displays, etc.) used with a VMM. Wireless peripherals (e.g., Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/IR keyboards, mice, pointing devices, and Near Field Communications [NFC]) present a unique challenge by creating an open, unsecured port on a computer. Wireless peripherals must meet DoD requirements for wireless data transmission and be approved for use by the AO. Even though some wireless peripherals, such as mice and pointing devices, do not ordinarily carry information that needs to be protected, modification of communications with these wireless peripherals may be used to compromise the VMM. Communication paths outside the physical protection of a controlled boundary are exposed to the possibility of interception and modification. Protecting the confidentiality and integrity of communications with wireless peripherals can be accomplished by physical means (e.g., employing physical barriers to wireless radio frequencies) or by logical means (e.g., employing cryptographic techniques). If physical means of protection are employed, then logical means (cryptography) do not have to be employed, and vice versa. If the wireless peripheral is only passing telemetry data, encryption of the data may not be required.
SRG-OS-000590
1 Rule
The VMM must disable accounts when the accounts are no longer associated to a user.
Medium Severity
Disabling expired, inactive, or otherwise anomalous accounts supports the concepts of least privilege and least functionality which reduce the attack surface of the system.
SRG-OS-000690
1 Rule
The VMM must prohibit the use or connection of unauthorized hardware components.
Medium Severity
Hardware components provide the foundation for organizational systems and the platform for the execution of authorized software programs. Managing the inventory of hardware components and controlling which hardware components are permitted to be installed or connected to organizational systems is essential to provide adequate security.
SRG-OS-000705
1 Rule
The VMM must implement multifactor authentication for local, network, and/or remote access to privileged accounts and/or nonprivileged accounts such that the device meets organization-defined strength of mechanism requirements.
Medium Severity
The purpose of requiring a device separate from the system to which the user is attempting to gain access for one of the factors during multifactor authentication is to reduce the likelihood of compromising authenticators or credentials stored on the system. Adversaries may be able to compromise such authenticators or credentials and subsequently impersonate authorized users. Implementing one of the factors on a separate device (e.g., a hardware token), provides a greater strength of mechanism and an increased level of assurance in the authentication process.
SRG-OS-000710
1 Rule
The VMM must for password-based authentication, verify when users create or update passwords the passwords are not found on the list of commonly-used, expected, or compromised passwords in ia-5 (1) (a).
Medium Severity
Password-based authentication applies to passwords regardless of whether they are used in single-factor or multifactor authentication. Long passwords or passphrases are preferable over shorter passwords. Enforced composition rules provide marginal security benefits while decreasing usability. However, organizations may choose to establish certain rules for password generation (e.g., minimum character length for long passwords) under certain circumstances and can enforce this requirement in IA-5(1)(h). Account recovery can occur, for example, in situations when a password is forgotten. Cryptographically protected passwords include salted one-way cryptographic hashes of passwords. The list of commonly used, compromised, or expected passwords includes passwords obtained from previous breach corpuses, dictionary words, and repetitive or sequential characters. The list includes context-specific words, such as the name of the service, username, and derivatives thereof.
SRG-OS-000720
1 Rule
The VMM must for password-based authentication, require immediate selection of a new password upon account recovery.
Medium Severity
Password-based authentication applies to passwords regardless of whether they are used in single-factor or multifactor authentication. Long passwords or passphrases are preferable over shorter passwords. Enforced composition rules provide marginal security benefits while decreasing usability. However, organizations may choose to establish certain rules for password generation (e.g., minimum character length for long passwords) under certain circumstances and can enforce this requirement in IA-5(1)(h). Account recovery can occur, for example, in situations when a password is forgotten. Cryptographically protected passwords include salted one-way cryptographic hashes of passwords. The list of commonly used, compromised, or expected passwords includes passwords obtained from previous breach corpuses, dictionary words, and repetitive or sequential characters. The list includes context-specific words, such as the name of the service, username, and derivatives thereof.
SRG-OS-000725
1 Rule
The VMM must for password-based authentication, allow user selection of long passwords and passphrases, including spaces and all printable characters.
Medium Severity
Password-based authentication applies to passwords regardless of whether they are used in single-factor or multifactor authentication. Long passwords or passphrases are preferable over shorter passwords. Enforced composition rules provide marginal security benefits while decreasing usability. However, organizations may choose to establish certain rules for password generation (e.g., minimum character length for long passwords) under certain circumstances and can enforce this requirement in IA-5(1)(h). Account recovery can occur, for example, in situations when a password is forgotten. Cryptographically protected passwords include salted one-way cryptographic hashes of passwords. The list of commonly used, compromised, or expected passwords includes passwords obtained from previous breach corpuses, dictionary words, and repetitive or sequential characters. The list includes context-specific words, such as the name of the service, username, and derivatives thereof.
SRG-OS-000730
1 Rule
The VMM must for password-based authentication, employ automated tools to assist the user in selecting strong password authenticators.
Medium Severity
Password-based authentication applies to passwords regardless of whether they are used in single-factor or multifactor authentication. Long passwords or passphrases are preferable over shorter passwords. Enforced composition rules provide marginal security benefits while decreasing usability. However, organizations may choose to establish certain rules for password generation (e.g., minimum character length for long passwords) under certain circumstances and can enforce this requirement in IA-5(1)(h). Account recovery can occur, for example, in situations when a password is forgotten. Cryptographically protected passwords include salted one-way cryptographic hashes of passwords. The list of commonly used, compromised, or expected passwords includes passwords obtained from previous breach corpuses, dictionary words, and repetitive or sequential characters. The list includes context-specific words, such as the name of the service, username, and derivatives thereof.
SRG-OS-000745
1 Rule
The VMM must accept only external credentials that are NIST-compliant.
Medium Severity
Acceptance of only NIST-compliant external authenticators applies to organizational systems that are accessible to the public (e.g., public-facing websites). External authenticators are issued by nonfederal government entities and are compliant with [SP 800-63B]. Approved external authenticators meet or exceed the minimum federal government-wide technical, security, privacy, and organizational maturity requirements. Meeting or exceeding federal requirements allows federal government relying parties to trust external authenticators in connection with an authentication transaction at a specified authenticator assurance level.
SRG-OS-000755
1 Rule
The VMM must monitor the use of maintenance tools that execute with increased privilege.
Medium Severity
Maintenance tools that execute with increased system privilege can result in unauthorized access to organizational information and assets that would otherwise be inaccessible.
SRG-OS-000775
1 Rule
The VMM must include only approved trust anchors in trust stores or certificate stores managed by the organization.
Medium Severity
Public key infrastructure (PKI) certificates are certificates with visibility external to organizational systems and certificates related to the internal operations of systems, such as application-specific time services. In cryptographic systems with a hierarchical structure, a trust anchor is an authoritative source (i.e., a certificate authority) for which trust is assumed and not derived. A root certificate for a PKI system is an example of a trust anchor. A trust store or certificate store maintains a list of trusted root certificates.
SRG-OS-000780
1 Rule
The VMM must provide protected storage for cryptographic keys with organization-defined safeguards and/or hardware protected key store.
Medium Severity
A Trusted Platform Module (TPM) is an example of a hardware-protected data store that can be used to protect cryptographic keys.
SRG-OS-000785
1 Rule
The VMM must synchronize system clocks within and between systems or system components.
Medium Severity
Time synchronization of system clocks is essential for the correct execution of many system services, including identification and authentication processes that involve certificates and time-of-day restrictions as part of access control. Denial of service or failure to deny expired credentials may result without properly synchronized clocks within and between systems and system components. Time is commonly expressed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), a modern continuation of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), or local time with an offset from UTC. The granularity of time measurements refers to the degree of synchronization between system clocks and reference clocks, such as clocks synchronizing within hundreds of milliseconds or tens of milliseconds. Organizations may define different time granularities for system components. Time service can be critical to other security capabilities—such as access control and identification and authentication—depending on the nature of the mechanisms used to support the capabilities.