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Guide to the Secure Configuration of Ubuntu 22.04

Rules, Groups, and Values defined within the XCCDF Benchmark

  • Ensure PAM Enforces Password Requirements - Minimum Special Characters

    The pam_pwquality module's <code>ocredit=</code> parameter controls requirements for usage of special (or "other") characters in a password. When set to a negative number, any password will be requ...
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Ensure PAM Enforces Password Requirements - Authentication Retry Prompts Permitted Per-Session

    To configure the number of retry prompts that are permitted per-session: Edit the <code>pam_pwquality.so</code> statement in <code>/etc/pam.d/common-password</code> to show <code>retry=<xccdf-1...
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Set Password Hashing Algorithm

    The system's default algorithm for storing password hashes in /etc/shadow is SHA-512. This can be configured in several locations.
    Group
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  • Set Password Hashing Algorithm in /etc/login.defs

    In <code>/etc/login.defs</code>, add or update the following line to ensure the system will use <xccdf-1.2:sub idref="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_password_hashing_algorithm" use="legacy"...
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Protect Physical Console Access

    It is impossible to fully protect a system from an attacker with physical access, so securing the space in which the system is located should be considered a necessary step. However, there are some...
    Group
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  • Disable Ctrl-Alt-Del Burst Action

    By default, <code>SystemD</code> will reboot the system if the <code>Ctrl-Alt-Del</code> key sequence is pressed Ctrl-Alt-Delete more than 7 times in 2 seconds. <br> <br> To configure the s...
    Rule High Severity
    Show

  • Disable Ctrl-Alt-Del Reboot Activation

    By default, <code>SystemD</code> will reboot the system if the <code>Ctrl-Alt-Del</code> key sequence is pressed. <br> <br> To configure the system to ignore the <code>Ctrl-Alt-Del</code> k...
    Rule High Severity
    Show

  • Configure Screen Locking

    When a user must temporarily leave an account logged-in, screen locking should be employed to prevent passersby from abusing the account. User education and training is particularly important for s...
    Group
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  • Configure Console Screen Locking

    A console screen locking mechanism is a temporary action taken when a user stops work and moves away from the immediate physical vicinity of the information system but does not logout because of th...
    Group
    Show

  • Hardware Tokens for Authentication

    The use of hardware tokens such as smart cards for system login provides stronger, two-factor authentication than using a username and password. In Red Hat Enterprise Linux servers and workstation...
    Group
    Show

  • Protect Accounts by Restricting Password-Based Login

    Conventionally, Unix shell accounts are accessed by providing a username and password to a login program, which tests these values for correctness using the <code>/etc/passwd</code> and <code>/etc/...
    Group
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  • Ensure All Accounts on the System Have Unique User IDs

    Change user IDs (UIDs), or delete accounts, so each has a unique name.
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Ensure All Groups on the System Have Unique Group ID

    Change the group name or delete groups, so each has a unique id.
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Ensure All Groups on the System Have Unique Group Names

    Change the group name or delete groups, so each has a unique name.
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently disabled

    The number of days to wait after a password expires, until the account will be permanently disabled.
    Value
    Show

  • Ensure All Accounts on the System Have Unique Names

    Ensure accounts on the system have unique names. To ensure all accounts have unique names, run the following command: <pre>$ sudo getent passwd | awk -F: '{ print $1}' | uniq -d</pre> If a usernam...
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Ensure There Are No Accounts With Blank or Null Passwords

    Check the "/etc/shadow" file for blank passwords with the following command: <pre>$ sudo awk -F: '!$2 {print $1}' /etc/shadow</pre> If the command returns any results, this is a finding. Configure ...
    Rule High Severity
    Show

  • Use Centralized and Automated Authentication

    Implement an automated system for managing user accounts that minimizes the risk of errors, either intentional or deliberate. This system should integrate with an existing enterprise user managemen...
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Ensure shadow Group is Empty

    The shadow group allows system programs which require access the ability to read the /etc/shadow file. No users should be assigned to the shadow group.
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Policy Requires Immediate Change of Temporary Passwords

    Temporary passwords for Ubuntu 22.04 operating system logons must require an immediate change to a permanent password. Verify that a policy exists that ensures when a user is created, it is creati...
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • maximum password age

    Maximum age of password in days
    Value
    Show

  • minimum password age

    Minimum age of password in days
    Value
    Show

  • minimum password length

    Minimum number of characters in password
    Value
    Show

  • warning days before password expires

    The number of days' warning given before a password expires.
    Value
    Show

  • Set Password Maximum Age

    To specify password maximum age for new accounts, edit the file <code>/etc/login.defs</code> and add or correct the following line: <pre>PASS_MAX_DAYS <xccdf-1.2:sub idref="xccdf_org.ssgproject.con...
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Set Password Minimum Age

    To specify password minimum age for new accounts, edit the file <code>/etc/login.defs</code> and add or correct the following line: <pre>PASS_MIN_DAYS <xccdf-1.2:sub idref="xccdf_org.ssgproject.con...
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Set Existing Passwords Maximum Age

    Configure non-compliant accounts to enforce a <xccdf-1.2:sub idref="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_accounts_maximum_age_login_defs" use="legacy"></xccdf-1.2:sub>-day maximum password lifeti...
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Set Existing Passwords Minimum Age

    Configure non-compliant accounts to enforce a 24 hours/1 day minimum password lifetime by running the following command: 
    $ sudo chage -m 1 USER
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Set Password Warning Age

    To specify how many days prior to password expiration that a warning will be issued to users, edit the file <code>/etc/login.defs</code> and add or correct the following line: <pre>PASS_WARN_AGE <...
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Verify Proper Storage and Existence of Password Hashes

    By default, password hashes for local accounts are stored in the second field (colon-separated) in <code>/etc/shadow</code>. This file should be readable only by processes running with root credent...
    Group
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  • Verify All Account Password Hashes are Shadowed

    If any password hashes are stored in <code>/etc/passwd</code> (in the second field, instead of an <code>x</code> or <code>*</code>), the cause of this misconfiguration should be investigated. The a...
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Ensure all users last password change date is in the past

    All users should have a password change date in the past.
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • All GIDs referenced in /etc/passwd must be defined in /etc/group

    Add a group to the system for each GID referenced without a corresponding group.
    Rule Low Severity
    Show

  • Verify No netrc Files Exist

    The <code>.netrc</code> files contain login information used to auto-login into FTP servers and reside in the user's home directory. These files may contain unencrypted passwords to remote FTP serv...
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Restrict Root Logins

    Direct root logins should be allowed only for emergency use. In normal situations, the administrator should access the system via a unique unprivileged account, and then use <code>su</code> or <cod...
    Group
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  • Group Name Used by pam_wheel Group Parameter

    pam_wheel module has a parameter called group, which controls which groups can access the su command. This variable holds the valid value for the parameter.
    Value
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  • Verify Only Root Has UID 0

    If any account other than root has a UID of 0, this misconfiguration should be investigated and the accounts other than root should be removed or have their UID changed. <br> If the account is asso...
    Rule High Severity
    Show

  • Verify Root Has A Primary GID 0

    The root user should have a primary group of 0.
    Rule High Severity
    Show

  • Ensure Authentication Required for Single User Mode

    Single user mode is used for recovery when the system detects an issue during boot or by manual selection from the bootloader.
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Ensure that System Accounts Are Locked

    Some accounts are not associated with a human user of the system, and exist to perform some administrative functions. An attacker should not be able to log into these accounts. <br> <br> S...
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Configure Polyinstantiation of /var/tmp Directories

    To configure polyinstantiated /tmp directories, first create the parent directories which will hold the polyinstantiation child directories. Use the following command: <pre>$ sudo mkdir --mode 000 ...
    Rule Low Severity
    Show

  • Direct root Logins Are Not Allowed

    Configure the operating system to prevent direct logins to the root account by performing the following operations: 
    $ sudo passwd -l root
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Restrict Serial Port Root Logins

    To restrict root logins on serial ports, ensure lines of this form do not appear in /etc/securetty: 
    ttyS0
ttyS1
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Restrict Virtual Console Root Logins

    To restrict root logins through the (deprecated) virtual console devices, ensure lines of this form do not appear in /etc/securetty: 
    vc/1
vc/2
vc/3
vc/4
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Secure Session Configuration Files for Login Accounts

    When a user logs into a Unix account, the system configures the user's session by reading a number of files. Many of these files are located in the user's home directory, and may have weak permissi...
    Group
    Show

  • Maximum login attempts delay

    Maximum time in seconds between fail login attempts before re-prompting.
    Value
    Show

  • Maximum concurrent login sessions

    Maximum number of concurrent sessions by a user
    Value
    Show

  • Account Inactivity Timeout (seconds)

    In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for input after issuing the primary prompt. Bash terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if input does...
    Value
    Show

  • Interactive users initialization files

    'A regular expression describing a list of file names for files that are sourced at login time for interactive users'
    Value
    Show

  • Ensure the Logon Failure Delay is Set Correctly in login.defs

    To ensure the logon failure delay controlled by <code>/etc/login.defs</code> is set properly, add or correct the <code>FAIL_DELAY</code> setting in <code>/etc/login.defs</code> to read as follows: ...
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

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