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Guide to the Secure Configuration of Debian 11

Rules, Groups, and Values defined within the XCCDF Benchmark

  • Verify that Shared Library Files Have Root Ownership

    System-wide shared library files, which are linked to executables during process load time or run time, are stored in the following directories by default: <pre>/lib /lib64 /usr/lib /usr/lib64 </pr...
    Rule Medium Severity
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  • Verify that System Executables Have Restrictive Permissions

    System executables are stored in the following directories by default: <pre>/bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/libexec /usr/local/bin /usr/local/sbin /usr/sbin</pre> All files in these directories should not...
    Rule Medium Severity
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  • Restrict Partition Mount Options

    System partitions can be mounted with certain options that limit what files on those partitions can do. These options are set in the <code>/etc/fstab</code> configuration file, and can be used to m...
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  • Add nodev Option to /dev/shm

    The <code>nodev</code> mount option can be used to prevent creation of device files in <code>/dev/shm</code>. Legitimate character and block devices should not exist within temporary directories li...
    Rule Medium Severity
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  • Add nosuid Option to /dev/shm

    The <code>nosuid</code> mount option can be used to prevent execution of setuid programs in <code>/dev/shm</code>. The SUID and SGID permissions should not be required in these world-writable dire...
    Rule Medium Severity
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  • Restrict Programs from Dangerous Execution Patterns

    The recommendations in this section are designed to ensure that the system's features to protect against potentially dangerous program execution are activated. These protections are applied at the ...
    Group
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  • Disable the uvcvideo module

    If the device contains a camera it should be covered or disabled when not in use.
    Rule Medium Severity
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  • Kernel panic on oops

    To set the runtime status of the <code>kernel.panic_on_oops</code> kernel parameter, run the following command: <pre>$ sudo sysctl -w kernel.panic_on_oops=1</pre> To make sure that the setting is p...
    Rule Medium Severity
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  • Disable core dump backtraces

    The <code>ProcessSizeMax</code> option in <code>[Coredump]</code> section of <code>/etc/systemd/coredump.conf</code> specifies the maximum size in bytes of a core which will be processed. Core dump...
    Rule Medium Severity
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  • Disable storing core dump

    The Storage option in [Coredump] sectionof /etc/systemd/coredump.conf can be set to none to disable storing core dumps permanently.
    Rule Medium Severity
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  • Disable Core Dumps for SUID programs

    To set the runtime status of the <code>fs.suid_dumpable</code> kernel parameter, run the following command: <pre>$ sudo sysctl -w fs.suid_dumpable=0</pre> To make sure that the setting is persisten...
    Rule Medium Severity
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  • Enable ExecShield

    ExecShield describes kernel features that provide protection against exploitation of memory corruption errors such as buffer overflows. These features include random placement of the stack and othe...
    Group
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  • kernel.kptr_restrict

    Configure exposition of kernel pointer addresses
    Value
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  • Restrict Exposed Kernel Pointer Addresses Access

    To set the runtime status of the <code>kernel.kptr_restrict</code> kernel parameter, run the following command: <pre>$ sudo sysctl -w kernel.kptr_restrict=<xccdf-1.2:sub idref="xccdf_org.ssgproject...
    Rule Medium Severity
    Show

  • Enable Randomized Layout of Virtual Address Space

    To set the runtime status of the <code>kernel.randomize_va_space</code> kernel parameter, run the following command: <pre>$ sudo sysctl -w kernel.randomize_va_space=2</pre> To make sure that the se...
    Rule Medium Severity
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  • SELinux state

    enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
    permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
    disabled - SELinux is fully disabled.
    Value
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  • Ensure SELinux is Not Disabled

    The SELinux state should be set to <code>enforcing</code> or <code>permissive</code> at system boot time. In the file <code>/etc/selinux/config</code>, add or correct the following line to configur...
    Rule High Severity
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  • Ensure SELinux State is Enforcing

    The SELinux state should be set to <code><xccdf-1.2:sub idref="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_selinux_state" use="legacy"></xccdf-1.2:sub></code> at system boot time. In the file <code>/et...
    Rule High Severity
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  • APT service configuration

    The apt service manage the package management and update of the whole system. Its configuration need to be properly defined to ensure efficient security updates, packages and repository authenticat...
    Group
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  • Disable unauthenticated repositories in APT configuration

    Unauthenticated repositories should not be used for updates.
    Rule Unknown Severity
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  • Ensure that official distribution repositories are used

    Check that official Debian repositories, including security repository, are configured in apt.
    Rule Unknown Severity
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  • Avahi Server

    The Avahi daemon implements the DNS Service Discovery and Multicast DNS protocols, which provide service and host discovery on a network. It allows a system to automatically identify resources on t...
    Group
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  • Configure Avahi if Necessary

    If your system requires the Avahi daemon, its configuration can be restricted to improve security. The Avahi daemon configuration file is <code>/etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf</code>. The following se...
    Group
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  • Disable Avahi Publishing

    To prevent Avahi from publishing its records, edit <code>/etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf</code> and ensure the following line appears in the <code>[publish]</code> section: <pre>disable-publishing=yes...
    Rule Low Severity
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  • Cron and At Daemons

    The cron and at services are used to allow commands to be executed at a later time. The cron service is required by almost all systems to perform necessary maintenance tasks, while at may or may no...
    Group
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  • Install the cron service

    The Cron service should be installed.
    Rule Medium Severity
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  • Deprecated services

    Some deprecated software services impact the overall system security due to their behavior (leak of confidentiality in network exchange, usage as uncontrolled communication channel, risk associated...
    Group
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  • Uninstall the inet-based telnet server

    The inet-based telnet daemon should be uninstalled.
    Rule High Severity
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  • Uninstall the nis package

    The support for Yellowpages should not be installed unless it is required.
    Rule Low Severity
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  • Uninstall the ntpdate package

    ntpdate is a historical ntp synchronization client for unixes. It sould be uninstalled.
    Rule Low Severity
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  • Uninstall the ssl compliant telnet server

    The telnet daemon, even with ssl support, should be uninstalled.
    Rule High Severity
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  • Uninstall the telnet server

    The telnet daemon should be uninstalled.
    Rule High Severity
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  • Configure DHCP Client if Necessary

    If DHCP must be used, then certain configuration changes can minimize the amount of information it receives and applies from the network, and thus the amount of incorrect information a rogue DHCP s...
    Group
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  • Configure DHCP Server

    If the system must act as a DHCP server, the configuration information it serves should be minimized. Also, support for other protocols and DNS-updating schemes should be explicitly disabled unless...
    Group
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  • Minimize Served Information

    Edit /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf. Examine each address range section within the file, and ensure that the following options are not defined unless there is an operational need to provide this information ...
    Rule Unknown Severity
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  • Application Whitelisting Daemon

    Fapolicyd (File Access Policy Daemon) implements application whitelisting to decide file access rights. Applications that are known via a reputation source are allowed access while unknown applicat...
    Group
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  • fapolicyd Must be Configured to Limit Access to Users Home Folders

    fapolicyd needs be configured so that users cannot give access to their home folders to other users.
    Rule Medium Severity
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  • Configure vsftpd to Provide FTP Service if Necessary

    The primary vsftpd configuration file is /etc/vsftpd.conf, if that file exists, or /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf if it does not.
    Group
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  • Restrict the Set of Users Allowed to Access FTP

    This section describes how to disable non-anonymous (password-based) FTP logins, or, if it is not possible to do this entirely due to legacy applications, how to restrict insecure FTP login to only...
    Group
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  • Limit Users Allowed FTP Access if Necessary

    If there is a mission-critical reason for users to access their accounts via the insecure FTP protocol, limit the set of users who are allowed this access. Edit the vsftpd configuration file. Add o...
    Rule Unknown Severity
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  • Disable netfs if Possible

    To determine if any network filesystems handled by netfs are currently mounted on the system execute the following command: <pre>$ mount -t nfs,nfs4,smbfs,cifs,ncpfs</pre> If the command did not re...
    Group
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  • The Postfix package is installed

    A mail server is required for sending emails. The postfix package can be installed with the following command: 
    $ apt-get install postfix
    Rule Medium Severity
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  • Configure SMTP For Mail Clients

    This section discusses settings for Postfix in a submission-only e-mail configuration.
    Group
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  • Postfix relayhost

    Specify the host all outbound email should be routed into.
    Value
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  • Postfix Root Mail Alias

    Specify an email address (string) for a root mail alias.
    Value
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  • Configure System to Forward All Mail For The Root Account

    Make sure that mails delivered to root user are forwarded to a monitored email address. Make sure that the address <xccdf-1.2:sub idref="xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_value_var_postfix_root_mail_ali...
    Rule Medium Severity
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  • Configure System to Forward All Mail From Postmaster to The Root Account

    Verify the administrators are notified in the event of an audit processing failure. Check that the "/etc/aliases" file has a defined value for "root". <pre>$ sudo grep "postmaster:\s*root$" /etc/al...
    Rule Medium Severity
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  • Configure System to Forward All Mail through a specific host

    Set up a relay host that will act as a gateway for all outbound email. Edit the file <code>/etc/postfix/main.cf</code> to ensure that only the following <code>relayhost</code> line appears: <pre>re...
    Rule Medium Severity
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  • NFS and RPC

    The Network File System is a popular distributed filesystem for the Unix environment, and is very widely deployed. This section discusses the circumstances under which it is possible to disable NF...
    Group
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  • Disable All NFS Services if Possible

    If there is not a reason for the system to operate as either an NFS client or an NFS server, follow all instructions in this section to disable subsystems required by NFS.
    Group
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